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2024高三·北京·专题练习
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1 . By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.

At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.

Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.

Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”

And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.

Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It’ll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”


What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
2024-03-21更新 | 0次组卷 | 1卷引用:2019年北京卷阅读理解真题题型切片
2024高三·北京·专题练习

2 . We’ve heard for years that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But, it actually might be even more important than previously thought, according to a study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, which examined the effects of skipping meals and meal frequency as related to mortality (死亡率) and heart health.

The study, which was published in August of last year, sought to find out if eating behaviors like meal frequency, meal skipping, and time between meals were associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

The study consisted of 24,011 adults 40 years or older who participated from 1999 to 2014. Researchers looked at various eating behaviors of participants who self-reported their eating habits every 24 hours. Causes of death were tracked via death records through December 31, 2015.

After examining participants throughout the years, researchers found that certain eating behaviors were in fact linked to higher rates of premature death. Eating only one meal per day was associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality while skipping breakfast was linked to an increased risk of CVD mortality, and skipping lunch or dinner was linked to an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Lastly, the study found that having meals too closely together (less than four and half hours apart) was also linked to all-cause premature death.

So, what does this mean for the average person? “At the end of the day what matters is that an individual can meet their nutritional needs for optimal (最佳) health,” explains Keri Gans, author of The Small Change Diet, “and breakfast typically is a good vehicle for nutrients associated with a decrease in cardiovascular risk, such as fiber and vitamins”. “If by eliminating meals they are missing out on important nutrients their body needs, then long term that can be harmful to their health,” leads to a “higher risk for certain cancers and heart disease,” she says.

While this study was large and comprehensive in many ways, there are also many limitations. It was mostly based on a 24-hour, self-reported dietary recall, “which may not always be the best method for dietary assessment,” explains Gans. “The participants may not accurately recall what they ate or honestly report it leading to the potential of misinformation.” Researchers noted that it was impossible to consider the role of sleep in the relationship between food and mortality, as well as a host of other unmeasured factors.

The bottom line is that while these findings about the relationships between meal skipping and mortality are important, there are a lot more factors that go into premature death.


What are mainly discussed in Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A.Research process and findings
B.The cause and findings
C.Research subjects and purpose
D.The topic and significance
2024-03-19更新 | 0次组卷 | 1卷引用:2022年北京延庆区语阅读理解模拟题型切片
2024高三·北京·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

3 . Vast underwater meadows (草甸) of gently waving sea grass cover hundreds of miles up and down the West Coast. These blue-green fields perform a variety of important services. They protect the shoreline from erosion, clear pollutants from the water and provide habitats for all kinds of marine animals.

New research suggests sea grass meadows may also mitigate a serious consequence of greenhouse gas emissions: the steady acidification of ocean waters. The study published in the journal Global Change Biology finds that sea grass forests can raise pH levels in coastal waters. As they perform photosynthesis (光合作用), they remove carbon dioxide from the water, counteracting the acidifying effect of the gas.

“I think we are all very excited about it,” said lead study author Aurora Ricart, a scientist at the Bigelow Laboratory for Marine Sciences.

Ocean acidification is a side effect of rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Some of this CO2 dissolves out of the air and into the sea, causing a chemical reaction that lowers the water’s pH. Scientists sometimes refer to it as global warming’s “evil twin”—an invisible companion to climate change.

Ocean acidification can have harmful effects on marine organisms like shellfish and coral by preventing them from properly forming the hard shells they need to survive. It’s a threat both to natural ecosystems and to shellfish fisheries around the world. The study presents a natural way to address the problem.

Researchers analyzed six years of data from sea grass meadows spanning more than 600 miles off the California coastline. It focused on the common eelgrass, one of the most widespread sea grass species on the West Coast. The authors claim it’s the largest, most comprehensive study of its kind.

According to the study, sea grass ecosystems can raise pH levels by more than 0.1 unit, equivalent to about a 30% decrease in acidity. The effect isn’t constant. It comes in waves and is influenced by temperature, daylight, ocean currents and other factors that affect water chemistry and sea grass photosynthesis rates. But the tempering influence on acidification can be lasting, sometimes persisting for up to three weeks at a time. The study also shows that pH is higher in sea grass ecosystems, compared to nearby areas with no sea grass, about 65% of the time.

The study didn’t investigate the effects of higher pH on marine organisms — that’s a question for future research. But there’s reason to believe these meadows may have a positive influence on shellfish and other ocean animals.


Paragraph 7 tells us the research ________.
A.findings
B.process
C.questions
D.reflection
2024-03-18更新 | 1次组卷 | 1卷引用:2023年北京房山区阅读理解模拟题型切片
2024高三·全国·专题练习

4 . On March 7, I907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.

This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.

But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.

In a follow-up study with I00 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.


What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
2024-03-12更新 | 4次组卷 | 1卷引用:2023年新高考全国I卷阅读理解真题题型切片
智能选题,一键自动生成优质试卷~
2024高三·北京·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

5 . Early fifth-century philosopher StAugustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked himAlbert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure itToday’s state-of-the-art atomic(原子的) clocks have proven Einstein rightEven advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking

Forget about time as an absoluteWhat ifinstead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology?What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo(节奏) of human life?We’re increasingly aware of the fact that we can’t control Earth systems with engineering aloneand realizing that we need to moderate(调节)our actions if we hope to live in balanceWhat if our definition of time reflected that?

RecentlyI conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that’s connected to circumstances on our planetconditions that might change as a result of global warmingWe’re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan riverswhich are sensitive to local and global environmental changesWe’ve programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rateIf the rivers run faster in the future on averagethe clock will get ahead of standard timeIf they run sloweryou’ll see the opposite effect

The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamicsIt’s a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame(时间框架)and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phonesAnyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planetAnyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies

Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particularsearly agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomenaIn pre-Classical Greecefor instancepeople“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of seasonTemporal connection to the environment was vital to their survivalLikewiseriver time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness

When StAugustine admitted his inability to define time he highlighted one of time ‘s most noticeable qualitiesTime becomes meaningful only in a defined contextAny timekeeping system is validand each is as praiseworthy as its purpose

What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A.Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature.
B.Everyone can define time on their own terms.
C.The qualities of time vary with how you measure it.
D.Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists.
2024-03-11更新 | 3次组卷 | 1卷引用:2021年北京卷阅读理解真题题型切片
2023高三下·全国·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

6 . On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.

This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.


What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A.The methods of estimation.B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
2024-03-10更新 | 21次组卷 | 1卷引用:重难点04 阅读理解主旨大意题-2024年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(新高考专用)
2024高三上·全国·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

7 . Road trips can seem extra-long when someone else’ s unpleasant music fills the car. What if you could listen to only your music without headphones and no one else would hear it? Now researchers in France are working lo deliver such personal sound zones that adapt as conditions in your car change.


       Why bother? Headphones are good at controlling what you hear, but they can be uncomfortable and even damage your hearing.

Personal listening zones inside a car could let you hear well without having to drown out other sounds with high volume. They also would bring many new possibilities. Everyone in a car could listen to their own audio privately. GPS alerts (警报) could go only to the driver. Passengers could make phone calls without being overheard.

Engineers are working to create these personal sound zones using multiple loudspeakers. They don’t tall broadcast the same signal, but the signals are coordinated (协调的). A listener whose head is in some “sweet spot” hears high-quality sound. But as one gels farther from the sweet spot, the sound diminishes. That’s because sound waves from different loudspeakers interact to cancel out each other’s sound.

According to Patricia Davies, an engineer studying sound, creating quiet zones anywhere in a three-dimensional space, like the inside of a vehicle, is challenging. One reason is that sound waves are sensitive. Changes in temperature can change how fast the waves travel. So can the number of people in the car and other factors. A small change in even one of these can have a big impact.

Still, it’s easier to create personal sound zones in cars than in other spaces. In a car, what’s interesting is that we know where the people are. The loudspeakers can be built right into the headrests.


        Personal sound zones will only catch on if they work as well as headphones. If you turn on the air conditioner or pick up a passenger, the sound quality can’t go downhill. With this in mind, Melon and his team recently modified an existing system.
What is mainly talked about in paragraph 3?
A.The popularity of personal listening zones.
B.The advantages of personal listening zones.
C.The safety offered by personal listening zones.
D.The differenccs among 8ounds with high volume.
2024-02-15更新 | 21次组卷 | 1卷引用:高考复习第二轮-阅读理解-主旨大意题
2024高三上·全国·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

8 . When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”

The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.


What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A.The cost of making “Apes”.B.The creation of digitalized apes.
C.The publicity about “Apes”.D.The performance of real apes.
2024-02-15更新 | 21次组卷 | 1卷引用:高考复习第二轮-阅读理解-主旨大意题
2024高三上·全国·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

9 . A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.

Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”

What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.

Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.


What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
2024-02-15更新 | 22次组卷 | 1卷引用:高考复习第二轮-阅读理解-主旨大意题
2024高三上·全国·专题练习
其他 | 适中(0.65) |

10 . Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.


What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
2024-02-15更新 | 30次组卷 | 1卷引用:高考复习第二轮-阅读理解-主旨大意题
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