1 . The scientist’s job is to figure out how the world works, to “torture (拷问)” Nature to reveal her secrets, as the 17th century philosopher Francis Bacon described it. But who are these people in the lab coats (or sports jackets, or T-shirts and jeans) and how do they work? It turns out that there is a good deal of mystery surrounding the mystery-solvers.
“One of the greatest mysteries is the question of what it is about human beings — brains, education, culture etc. that makes them capable of doing science at all,” said Colin Allen, a cognitive scientist at Indiana University.
Two vital ingredients seem to be necessary to make a scientist: the curiosity to seek out mysteries and the creativity to solve them. “Scientists exhibit a heightened level of curiosity,” reads a 2007 report on scientific creativity. “They go further and deeper into basic questions showing a passion for knowledge for its own sake.” Max Planck, one of the fathers of quantum physics, once said, the scientist “must have a vivid and intuitive imagination, for new ideas are not generated by deduction (推论), but by an artistically creative imagination.”
......
As long as our best technology for seeing inside the brain requires subjects to lie nearly motionless while surrounded by a giant magnet, we’re only going to make limited pro gress on these questions,” Allen said.
What is a suitable title for the text?| A．Who Are The Mystery-solvers |
| B．Scientists Are Not Born But Made |
| C．Great Mystery: What Makes A Scientist |
| D．Solving Mysteries: Inside A Scientist’s Mind |
2 .
Charles Darwin |
|
| Personal information: Date of birth: 12 February 1809 Date of death: 19 April 1882 Nationality: English Education: Edinburgh University, Cambridge University | |
| Achievements: He put forward the theory of evolution by natural selection and published On the Origin of Species in 1859. | |
| Influence: His theory of evolution by natural selection has greatly influenced the development of biology. | |
| Interesting fact: Darwin was such a scientific man that before he made up his mind to get married, he made a careful list of the advantages and disadvantages of marriage. | |
| A．Germany. | B．Britain. | C．America. | D．France. |
| A．In Feb. 1809. | B．In April 1809. | C．In April 1882. | D．In Feb. 1882. |
| A．The Origin of Species. |
| B．The advantages of marriage. |
| C．The development of biology. |
| D．The theory of evolution by natural selection. |
3 . She programmed an IBM 7030 Stretch computer, providing faster calculations for an accurate Earthmodel. This detailed mathematical model of the shape of the Earth was a building block for what would become the GPS orbit.
What does the underlined phrase “a building block” in paragraph 5 mean?| A．A basic part. | B．A detailed map. |
| C．A building material. | D．A major obstacle. |
4 . German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity―Israeli physicst Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jurgen Renn—offer an original and penetrating(厚利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modem Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated(阐述) the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925. Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
1. Where is the text most probably taken from?| A．An essay on Albert Einstein. | B．An introduction to a book |
| C．A guidebook to a course. | D．A review of physics development |
| A．Unclear. | B．Favorable. | C．Dismissive | D．Opposing. |
| A．Up to standard | B．From nothing. |
| C．By learning from others. | D．With previous knowledge. |
| A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein， |
| B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein |
| C．Their researches contributed to Einstein’s success. |
| D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect. |
5 . Dr. Joseph Dituri, who is 55 and known as “Dr. Deep Sea”, has just finished an amazing adventure. For 100 days, the University of South Florida scientist lived in a small room underwater. He set a new world record, beating the old record of 73 days.
The farther you go below the ocean’s surface, the greater the pressure. The mission, known as Project Neptune 100, was a scientific attempt to study the effects of living in a high-pressure environment for a continuous period. In his undersea room, Dr. Dituri was living with pressure that was about 66% greater than the pressure on the surface. He believed that high pressure could help people live longer and stay healthier as they get older and that it could also help doctors treat different medical problems, including brain injuries.
Actually, Dr. Dituri went through several big changes. For one thing, he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea. He was also able to sleep much better. His physical conditions greatly improved in a couple of other ways, too.
While he was living underwater, Dr. Dituri stayed busy. He used the project as an educational experience for the youth. “I have communicated with thousands of young people to get them interested in science, technology, engineering and math,” he said. He had online chats with over 5,500 students from 15 different countries. Meanwhile, he kept teaching his college classes and worked with other marine experts to figure out ways to protect and take care of the ocean.
Dr. Dituri said his favorite part of the project was talking with young people. “If we can get people excited about science, that would be a great success to me!” he said. “Maybe one day, one of them will come back and break the record I just set. My greatest hope is that I can inspire a new generation of researchers to push back the boundaries.”
1. Why did Dr. Dituri have the adventure?| A．To learn how human bodies respond to high pressure. |
| B．To research the underwater life better. |
| C．To draw attention to a healthy lifestyle. |
| D．To beat the previous world record. |
| A．His state of health stabilized. | B．He was forced to live a busy life. |
| C．His height changed slightly. | D．He suffered from sleep problems. |
| A．Develop enthusiasm for science. | B．Challenge themselves bravely. |
| C．Expand scientific boundaries. | D．Protect the ocean actively. |
| A．He is high-powered and caring. | B．He is determined and inspiring. |
| C．He is open-minded and insightful. | D．He is committed and optimistic. |
To write his own medical text, Li Shizhen referenced over 800 medical texts, countless books on history and geography, and works of literature. He even studied the complete works of many ancient poets, from
After over a decade of field research, Li
Since its first publication in 1596, the book
Today, there are a
| 姓名 | 屠呦呦 |
| 国籍 | 中国 |
| 职业 | 药学家、医学专家、科学家 |
| 兴趣爱好 | 自幼对传统中药兴趣浓厚 |
| 主要经历 | 1. 1930年12月30日生于浙江宁波； 2. 1951年考入北京大学，主修制药专业； 3. 毕业后一直专心于中医研究； 4. 1972年成功发现并制成青蒿素； 5. 2015年10月5日被授予诺贝尔医学奖，成为中国第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女性科学家。 |
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 信的开头和结尾已经为你写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：Qinghaosu青蒿素；the Nobel Prize in Medicine 诺贝尔医学奖；traditional Chinese medicine中医
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8 . Godfrey Hounsfield’s early life did not suggest that he would accomplish much at all. He was not a particularly good student in the teachers’ eyes—he neither observed the school disciplines nor worked hard enough at school lessons. His teachers described him as “thick”.
He joined the army during the Second World War, but he wasn’t much of a soldier. However, he was a wizard with electrical machinery—he would use the newly invented radar to help pilots better find their way home on dark, cloudy nights.
After the war, Hounsfield followed his commander’s advice and got a degree in engineering He practiced his trade at EMI, a company with a focus on electronics and electrical engineering.
Hounsfield’s natural talent for engineering made him lead the team building the most advanced mainframe computer available in Britain. But by the 1960’s, EMI wanted out of the competitive computer market and the brilliant engineer wasn’t sure what to do in the future in the company. Therefore, the company gave Hounsfield a long holiday.
During the holiday, Hounsfield met a physician who complained about the poor quality of X-ray of the brain, which looked like fog. This got Hounsfield to make a move into the new field.
Hounsfield returned to EMI and talked about the idea with his boss. Then he used a new way to appoach the problem of imaging what was inside the skull. By working backward and using the fastest computers, he could work on the mystery of each brain layer. But there was a problem: EMI wasn’t involved in the medical market then. The company allowed Hounsfield to work on his product, but provided no funding.
Luckily his boss, Bill Ingham, saw the value of Hounsfield’s proposal and struggled to ask EMI to keep the project run. Finally, Hounsfield built a safe and effictive human scanner.
Hounsfield’s innovation transformed medicine. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 and was knighted by the queen in 1981. He continued his invention career until his final days in 2004, when he died at 84.
1. What can we say about Houndfield’s early school life?| A．He worked really hard. | B．He didn’t manage to graduate. |
| C．He was popular with his teachers. | D．He didn’t behave himself. |
| A．Stayed away from. | B．Became tired of. | C．Came up with. | D．Was gifted in. |
| A．To relieve Hounsfield’s anxiety over stressful work. |
| B．To make Hounsfield think about his future career. |
| C．To allow Hounsfield to reflect on his mistakes. |
| D．To remind Hounsfield to learn from others. |
| A．Having no one on his side. | B．Experiencing too many failures. |
| C．Being short of financial support. | D．Being misunderstood by his boss. |
| A．To remember a great inventor. | B．To reveal the decline of a company. |
| C．To introduce the application of X-rays. | D．To show the improvements brought by technology. |
9 . In the late 1930s, people could donate blood, but very few hospitals could store it for later use. Whole blood breaks down quickly, and there were no methods at the time for safely preserving it. As a result, hospitals often did not have the appropriate blood type when patients needed it. Charles Drew, a Black surgeon and researcher, helped solve this monumental problem for medicine, earning him the title “Father of the Blood Bank.”
In 1938, while obtaining his doctorate in medicine, Drew became a fellow at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital in New York. He studied the storage and distribution of blood, including the separation of its components, and applied his findings to an experimental blood bank at the hospital.
As Drew was finishing his degree at Columbia, World War II was erupting in Europe. Great Britain was asking the United States for desperately needed plasma (血浆) to help victims. Given his expertise, Drew was selected to be the medical director for the Blood for Britain campaign. Using Presbyterian Hospital’s blood bank as a model, Drew established uniform procedures and standards for collecting blood and processing blood plasma from nine New York hospitals. The five-month campaign collected donations from 15,000 Americans and was considered a success. His discoveries and his leadership saved countless lives.
With the increasing likelihood that the nation would be drawn into war, the United States wanted to capitalize on what Drew had learned from the campaign. He was appointed as the assistant director of a three-month pilot program to mass-produce dried plasma in New York, which became the model for the first Red Cross blood bank. His innovations for this program included mobile blood donation stations, later called bloodmobiles.
1. What problem did hospitals face in the late 1930s regarding blood donations?| A．The shortage of blood donors. | B．The inability to preserve blood. |
| C．The challenge of blood infection. | D．The failure to identify blood types. |
| A．He gathered different standards for the blood collection. |
| B．He worked on the bloodmobiles for easy access to donors. |
| C．He helped send life-saving drugs overseas to aid in the war. |
| D．He organized the collection and processing of blood plasma. |
| A．Groundbreaking. | B．Unpredictable. | C．Economical. | D．Controversial. |
| A．The life of Dr. Charles Drew. | B．The inventor of the Blood Bank. |
| C．A Savior of Lives during Wartime. | D．A Pioneer in Blood Transportation. |
1. 人物简介；
2. 钦佩和欣赏的原因。
注意:
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可适当添加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 请在答题卡的相应位置作答。
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