1 . For all programmers and processor industry participants, the RISC-V website is almost a must-visit as an open standard. Instruction Set Architecture, which is defined as the design of a computer from the programmer’s perspective, enabling a new era of processor innovation through open cooperation.
Unlike X86 and ARM, which are owned by certain enterprises, RISC-V is an open one, allowing anybody to download its instructions handbook and use it. Maybe that is why some US lawmakers are targeting RISC-V. Republican Senator Marco Rubio and Democratic Senator Mark Warner have reportedly been urging US President Joe Biden to take action regarding RISC-V, because, they fear that Chinese companies might make use of the open-source platform to improve their chips (芯片) technology.
Maybe the legislators (立法者) do not realize that by targeting RISC-V they are targeting not only a company or a platform but the idea of openness itself. Being a US company. RISC-V has a global membership, with a number of Chinese and US enterprises as members. It has for long been known as an open-minded institution promoting technological cooperation despite the political tensions, and the US lawmakers targeting it seem to be closing one of the last channels of technology communication between China and their nation.
By doing so they are harming the United States’ own interests and its technological leadership in the world. Open source is a good computing tool that benefits those who share programs as well as those who learn from it. The Android smartphone system, for example, has developed largely because Google decided to make it an open-source system, which attracted worldwide smartphone businesses to adopt its standard.
The US lawmakers might next target GitHub, or, some day, even forbid programmers from accessing the Internet. That will only lead to the US losing its technological edge, never to get it back again.
1. What is RISC-V according to the passage?A.A website for programmers. |
B.A computer design standard. |
C.An open-source platform. |
D.A US chips company. |
A.argument | B.background | C.proof | D.connection |
A.Fairness. | B.Interests. | C.Cooperation. | D.Openness. |
A.RISC-V enables processor innovation through open cooperation. |
B.US lawmakers are targeting RISC-V for the technology safety concern. |
C.The example of Android demonstrates the benefits of technological openness. |
D.GitHub and the Internet are the next target US will focus on to safeguard its leadership. |
2 . At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
1. Why did Nosek send the advice?A.To express opinions about my claims. | B.To remind me to be open to criticism. |
C.To encourage me to take up science. | D.To better my understanding of psychology. |
A.It motivates scientists to make efforts. | B.It addresses personal attacks and conflicts. |
C.It sets a constructive improvement goal. | D.It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself. |
A.Dynamic. | B.Testable. | C.Pioneering. | D.Well-established. |
A.Accept the Unknown | B.Aim to Be Less Wrong |
C.Get Engaged in Psychology | D.Dig into the Nature of Science |
3 .
Through the history of human activities, prior art promotes the creative process. Before 1908, each vehicle was custom built, with different parts assembled in different places and then painstakingly brought together. But Henry Ford came up with a critical innovation of streamlining the entire process. Nevertheless, the idea was something he learned about from the Chicago meatpacking industry. He simply assembled into a car the discoveries of other men behind whom were centuries of work.
But is there any moment when someone is suddenly struck by an idea that comes from nowhere? Take, for example, a surgeon named Anthony Cicoria, who in 1994 was speaking to his mother on an outdoor payphone when he was struck by a bolt of lightning. A few weeks later, he unexpectedly began composing and introduced his music works in subsequent years.
However, on closer inspection, Cicoria also turns out to rely on the raw materials around him.
A.The drive to create the new is part of our biological makeup. |
B.We humans are always waiting for the creative lightning to strike. |
C.The mining of history happens not only in technology, but in the arts as well. |
D.If ever there were an example of creativity originating out of the thin air, this might be it. |
E.While Cicoria’s music is beautiful, it shares the same structure and progression as the composer he likes. |
F.No doubt the non-musician surely managed to compose due to the sudden idea flashing through his mind. |
G.He recalls that, after his accident, he developed a strong desire to listen to nineteenth-century piano music. |
When Leakey and Jane begin a study of wild chimpanzees on the shore of Lake Tanganyika, British authorities resist the idea of a young woman living among wild animals in Africa. They finally agree to Leakey’s proposal when Jane’s mother Vanne volunteers to accompany her daughter for the first three months.
On July 14, 1960, Jane and Vanne arrive on the shores of Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve in western Tanzania.
On November 4,1961, Jane observes David Greybeard and Goliath making tools to extract termites (白蚁) from their mounds. They would select a thin branch from a tree, strip the leaves and push the branch into the termite mound. After a few seconds they would pull out the termite-covered stick and pick off the tasty termites with their lips. This becomes one of Jane’s most important discoveries.
Jane’s work in Gombe becomes more widely known and in 1962 she is accepted at Cambridge University as a PhD candidate, one of very few people to be admitted without a university degree.
Jane in Africa National Geographic decides to sponsor Jane’s work and sends photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick to document Jane’s life in Gombe. In August 1963, Jane publishes her first article in National Geographic, My Life Among Wild Chimpanzees.
A.But studying the chimpanzees of Gombe was not easy. |
B.Until that time, only humans were thought to create tools. |
C.These observations disprove the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian. |
D.So she learns to be a secretary and works for a time at Oxford University typing documents. |
E.However, Jane loves the toy and names the chimpanzee Jubilee, carrying it with her everywhere. |
F.Some scholars and scientists give Jane a cold reception and criticise her for giving the chimpanzees names. |
Global Natural History Day (GNHD)—youth science knowledge competition—-took place in Shanghai in March, 2023, in an effort to provide a platform
GNHD
In the past decade, GNHD
Working on the atomic bomb, Richard Feynman found that science represented the destruction and
7 . In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience. Opportunities for misinterpretation are everywhere.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as early forms of science and are full of potential. But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and battle between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two problems exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of current knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies repetition and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or contradiction by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
1. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________.A.uncertainty and complexity | B.misconception and falsehood |
C.logicality and objectivity | D.systematicness and regularity |
A.strict inspection | B.shared efforts | C.individual wisdom | D.persistent innovation |
A.scientific claims will survive challenges | B.discoveries today inspire future research |
C.efforts to make discoveries are justified | D.scientific work calls for a critical mind |
A.Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Discovery | B.Collective Inspection in Scientific Discovery |
C.Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science | D.Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science |
8 . How to Succeed in Science
To succeed in science, you need a lot more than luck. In my view, you have to combine intelligence with willingness not to follow conventions when they block your path forward. Thus, these have come to be my rules for success.
•
That might sound proud, but the fact is that you must always turn to people who are brighter than yourself. It’s like playing any game. Even as a child, I never wanted to play games with anyone who was as bad as I was. If you win, it gives you no pleasure. And in the game of science or life, the highest goal isn’t simply to win; it’s to win at something really difficult.
• Take risks.
• Never do anything that bores you.
My experience in science is that someone is always telling you to do things, and then leave you alone.
It’s very hard to succeed if you don’t want to be with other scientists — you have to go to key meetings where you find key facts that would have escaped you. And you have to chat with your competitors, even if you find them unpleasant. So my final rule is:
A.To make a huge success, a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble. |
B.Meet challenges with great courage. |
C.Put another way, it’s to go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top. |
D.Be sure you always have someone to save you from a deep mess. |
E.I’m not good enough to do well in something I dislike. |
F.If you can’t stand to be with your real peers, get out of science. |
G.Avoid foolish people. |
9 . Many pupils in school think of science as just another subject on the time-table containing more facts to be learned. This is wrong. Science does not mean believing and remembering what other people tell us. The real scientist examines facts in order to find out the truth for himself. This is called the scientific method.
Let us see how scientists work and what is meant by the scientific method. In these days we hear a lot about science, but scientists, the men and women, who do the work and make the discoveries, seem distant and strange to us. Science often appears to be very difficult, and sometimes even a kind of magic. Certainly we feel we shall never be able to understand how it works. It is difficult of course, but I think we are wrong if we believe that we can not understand it. The important thing about the scientific method is that we get answers to questions by making tests. We do not just guess the answer or believe what anybody tells us. In fact, in simple ways we all use the scientific method every day.
We can see from very simple examples that the scientific method is not only for the use of a few people called scientists, but something we can all use with advantage. But patience and hard, careful work are necessary to find out the truth.
1. What does the text mainly talk about?A.The scientific method. | B.The science subject. |
C.The scientific discoveries. | D.The real scientists. |
A.We all understand how science works. |
B.We are familiar with most scientists. |
C.We sometimes feel science confusing. |
D.We know answers by making guesses. |
A.The scientists. | B.School pupils. | C.The Scholars. | D.Everyone. |
A.The scientific method is too difficult to use. |
B.We can find out the truth from very simple examples. |
C.Care and diligence is important for the scientific method. |
D.The scientific method is only for the use of a few people. |
10 . An associate university professor in Florida has completed his research mission and set a new world record in the process: living 100 days beneath the ocean’s surface.
On Friday morning, Dr. Joseph Dituri felt the sun’s rays for the first time since he began the project 22 feet below the waters of Key Largo, Florida, on March 1.
Dituri,55, a biomedical engineer who teaches at the University of South Florida and calls himself “Dr. Deep Sea”, spent just over three months at the bottom of the Emerald Lagoon in Jules’ Undersea Lodge, the only underwater hotel in the United States.
The research project, Project Neptune 100, was organized by the Key Largo-based Marine Resources Development Foundation and focused on ocean conservation research and studying how high pressure affects the human body.
The US Navy veteran said he’d noticed one impact: The water pressure seems to have shrunken his height by half an inch. Dituri stood at 6 feet 1 inch tall before starting his mission, the University of South Florida stated in a news release.
The scientist began the project with a belief that increased pressure could help humans live longer and prevent aging-related diseases, the news release said. Dituri said he hopes his underwater research will benefit the treatment of a variety of illnesses, including traumatic brain injuries.
Dituri also used the project as an educational experience for the youth. “We have interacted with thousands of school children to get them interested in science, technology, engineering and math, “Dituri told Guinness World Records on June 8. While underwater, he continued teaching his college students virtually.
Dituri broke the Guinness World Record for longest time living underwater at the 74-day mark of his project, on May 13. The previous record stood at 73 days, two hours and 34 minutes, set at the same location al Dituri’s successful attempt.
1. When did Dr. Joseph Dituri probably return to the surface?A.On March 1. | B.On May 13. | C.On June 9. | D.On June 19. |
A.To challenge his limits. | B.To encourage good teamwork. |
C.For scientific research. | D.For personal enthusiasm. |
A.It’s beneficial to human health. | B.It does harm to human body. |
C.It’s a very painful experience. | D.It’s the same as living on land. |
A.What Is Living Underwater Really Like? |
B.Can Humans Live Underwater for 100 Days? |
C.“Dr. Deep Sea” Interacts with Children Underwater |
D.“Dr. Deep Sea” Breaks Record for Living Underwater |