1 . A new study on 26 chimpanzees (黑猩猩) from zoos around the world found that chimpanzees can recognise family members and long lost friends even after decades of separation.
The participating chimpanzees were given juice while staring at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the group for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where the participants were looking and for how long. Data showed their eyes rested longer on familiar groupmates, suggesting “rich recognition of each other.”
There is also evidence that they became more intent when shown a picture of a chimpanzee with whom they’d had more positive interactions, compared with conflicting relationships.
In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen in more than 26 years. The team said Louise’s results represent the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date.
“We tend to see ourselves as unique special creatures with incredible intellectual (智力的) capacities that are very different from other animals on earth,” said Laura Simone Lewis, a postdoctoral fellow in Berkeley’s psychology department and lead author of the study. “This study is showing us how similar we are to chimpanzees.” She noted that the findings support the theory that long-term social memory in humans and modern day chimps has come from “our last common ancestor that lived somewhere between 5 to 7 million years ago” who also likely had long-term social memory.
Now that they have definitive evidence that these endangered species possess long-term social memories, researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they may have the ability to do so,” Lewis said.
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A.The nature of chimps. | B.The method of the study. |
C.The analysis of the recorded data. | D.The layout of experimental equipment. |
A.Attentive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Hesitant. | D.Emotional. |
A.To stress chimps are as intelligent as human beings. |
B.To explain where chimps’ social memory comes from. |
C.To better demonstrate the chimps’ memory length. |
D.To further prove the existence of chimps’ social memory. |
A.Whether chimps feel strong emotions to their long lost friends. |
B.How to strengthen chimps’ long-term social memories. |
C.How chimps recognised their close contacts after long separation. |
D.Why chimps possess the amazing social memories. |
On a yearly basis, funded by Mr. Alden, a Field Day was held in the town of Silver City. Every year the boys were in training for the races. And not only adults but boys and girls trained hard for Field Day.
There were prizes for all kinds of races — running and swimming and jumping. But the best one was a foot race, called a free-for-all, because anyone could run in it. Mr. Alden gave a prize of twenty-five dollars and medals to the winners. Sometimes a boy won the championship. Sometimes a girl. Once a fat man had won it.
On Field Day, Mike was cutting the grass for Mr. Moore in the neighborhood to earn his living expenses. Suddenly Mr. Moore stopped his car in the street and called to Mike. “Hop in,” he said. “Today is Field Day, and I want you to see the races.” Soon Mike found himself sitting on the bleachers (露天看台). By and by, a small boy climbed up the bleachers and sat beside him.
Then a man called, “Free-for-all! Come and get ready!”
Being a newcomer, Mike didn’t know what a free-for-all was. The boy next to him explained to him and pointed at the winner of last year’s race. Obviously, he was smaller than Mike, but he was older. Suddenly, Mike stood up and quietly left the bleachers. He went to the room where the boys were getting ready for the race.
“Do you want to run in the race?” a man asked him.
“Yes, I do,” replied Mike.
The man gave him some track clothes with the number 4 on the front and back.
“Where did you train?” he asked.
“I never was trained,” said Mike.
“These boys have been training all year,” remarked the man.
“Oh, I don’t think I’ll win,” responded Mike. “But I am keen to run. It’s my passion and it’s lots of fun.”
注意:
1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Mike could hardly wait for the race to begin.
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“Faster, faster! I can run faster than this,” cried Mike to himself with confidence.
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3 . Scientists test their hypothesis (假设) either through experiment or field work and the process is filled with changes.
Carry out experiments
Conduct field work
In field work, a scientist goes into an uncontrolled environment, a specific place in the world, and records exactly what is observed there at the time.
Scientists are like detectives — they try to solve mysteries. Experiments are part of scientist’s detective kit. When you want to prove a theory true or false, create an experiment that will test one thing you can observe. You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing, this change will cause something else to happen.
A.Create variables |
B.Watch the process |
C.You are studying a unique situation every time |
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments |
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable |
F.You focus your attention on just a few things, instead of on everything |
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create |
4 . What goes on in our brains when we decide to hit the share button, and what makes something go viral? Since the dawn of the Internet, businesses, media outlets and influencers alike have been trying to answer these questions. Now, researchers have come one step closer to cracking this mysterious model by shining a light on the neuroscience (神经科学) of viral content.
“Our study finds a way to obtain brain signals that would predict how much information gets shared.” said Emily Falk, professor of communication, psychology and marketing and Hang-Yee Chan, a lecturer of communication.
Their new study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on October 23, investigated both the U. S. and the Netherlands using a broader range of news categories—including health and climate change.
“When we see greater activation of regions that track self-relevance (Is it important to me) and social-relevance (Is it important to people I know), the news articles are more likely to be shared widely,” Falk and Chan said. By studying these brain responses, the team managed to build a value-based model to accurately predict how widely the articles would be shared online. This link between brain activity and sharing was seen in both the American and Dutch participants, suggesting that this model is accurate across cultures.
“Seeing how people’s brains react inside the scanner gives us insight into why people ultimately share information nowadays,” Chan said. “If we understand these signals, we might be able to use that knowledge to help important news get shared and stop misinformation from going viral.” It is also helpful for content creators to maximize their reach. “Our current study demonstrates how tapping into the brain would help content creators optimize their messages’ influence,” Falk and Chan said. “We are interested in building on these results to develop ways to counter harmful information and false news, in addition to spreading high-quality content.” “A lot of our most pressing problems in society are influenced by the decisions people make, and the decisions we make are influenced by the news. What you share matters, and so understanding why you share it matters, too.”
1. What do researchers intend to do in their study?A.To find a way to get brain signals. |
B.To work out a mysterious model. |
C.To use a broad range of news categories. |
D.To predict how much information get shared. |
A.The basis and process of the study. |
B.The way to predict brain activation. |
C.The pattern of a value-based model. |
D.The reason why certain news is shared. |
A.To solve most urgent problems. |
B.To understand why viral news matter. |
C.To influence the decisions people will make. |
D.To better the efficiency of positive publicity. |
A.How to Share a Viral News |
B.How to Obtain Brain Signals |
C.How Certain Studies Get Shared |
D.How Brain Identifies Viral Content |
5 . When Shakespeare called a good night’s rest the “cure of hurt minds,” he was really onto something. According to a recent survey, “Most days or every day” in 2020, nearly 15 percent of American adults had trouble falling asleep in the previous month. So you’re a little sleepy—no big deal, right? Wrong. A 1999 article in the medical journal The Lancet showed and decades of research suggest that “sleep debt” can have significant harmful effects on your health.
Happiness is the first to suffer. Everyone knows what it feels like to run on insufficient (不足的) sleep—you can be foggy, inattentive, and bad-tempered. A paper published in the journal Health Psychology in 2020 found that the participants without enough sleep experienced a less positive mood when they came across quite ordinary stress, and smaller increases in positive mood from pleasant events. When lacking sleep, people felt annoyed more and easier, and things feel less fun.
More seriously, sleep loss can cause clinical depression and anxiety. In 2014, Australian scholars studying young women found that a year of frequent sleep difficulties predicted the onset of depression and anxiety in later years.
Some researchers have identified long-time sleep debt as a disease—insufficient sleep syndrome (ISS). Given the reported evidence for how widespread the syndrome is, it might even be classed as an epidemic. Although no study has yet established a connection, it seems reasonable to think about whether the long-term declines in American happiness and increases in social conflicts may be connected to loss of sleep.
Whether you are a sleep-deprived student, or workaholic, or just an old-fashioned insomniac (失眠症患者), attending to sleep is a critical strategy for health and happiness. And adjusting this aspect of your life could be one of the best things you do all year.
1. Why does the author mention Shakespeare?A.To show Shakespeare’s wisdom. |
B.To introduce the topic of sleep loss. |
C.To highlight a serious health problem. |
D.To give reported evidence of sleep debt. |
A.It made people feel negative. | B.It led to poor eyesight. |
C.It caused depression and anxiety. | D.It was not worth much concern. |
A.Reduction of happiness is linked to sleep loss. |
B.Long-term lack of sleep is not a disease. |
C.Sleep debt might affect both individuals and the society. |
D.Insufficient sleep syndrome is a recognized epidemic. |
A.To confirm sleep loss is a disease. |
B.To advocate getting sufficient sleep. |
C.To tackle widespread sleep problem. |
D.To prove happiness suffers from sleep debt. |
6 . This page provides information and guidance about hands-only CPR and CPR with rescue breaths for children over one year old.
Hands-only CPR
To carry out a chest compression (压缩):
Place the heel of your hand on the breastbone at the centre of the person’s chest.
Place your other hand on top of your first hand and interlock your fingers.
Position yourself with your shoulders above your hands.
Using your body weight (not just your arms), press straight down by 5-6cm (2-2.5 inches) on their chest.
Keeping your hands on their chest, release the compression and allow the chest to return to its original position.
Repeat these compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 times per minute until an ambulance arrives or you become exhausted.
CPR with rescue breaths
For children over one year old:
Open the child’s airway by placing one hand on the child’s forehead and gently tilting their head back and lifting the chin. Remove any visible obstructions from the mouth and nose.
Pinch their nose. Seal your mouth over their mouth and blow steadily and firmly into their mouth, checking that their chest rises. Give five initial rescue breaths.
Place the heel of one hand on the center of their chest and push down by 5cm(about two inches), which is approximately one-third of the chest diameter. The quality (depth)of chest compressions is very important. Use two hands if you can’t achieve a depth of 5cmusing one hand.
After every 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute, give two breaths.
Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until they begin to recover or emergency help arrives.
1. What’s the first step of CPR with rescue breaths for children?A.To blow into their mouth. | B.To do 30 chest compressions. |
C.To clear something blocking the airway. | D.To push hands down on the chest by 5cm. |
A.To apply chest compressions properly. |
B.To call an ambulance for treatment. |
C.To put oneself in a particular position. |
D.To blow steadily and firmly into the mouth. |
A.A business report. | B.A fashion magazine. |
C.An emergency brochure. | D.A travel journal. |
7 . 听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。
1. What difference does the speaker talk about first?A.Some expressions. | B.Traffic rules. | C.The food. |
A.Burning hot. | B.Great. | C.Uncomfortable. |
A.At 5 p. m. | B.At 8:30 p. m. | C.At 9 p. m. |
A.To the club. | B.To the gym. | C.To the restaurant. |
8 . International Literacy (读写能力) Day, also called World Literacy Day, was set in 1966 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The purpose was to help improve the world’s ability to read and give people better opportunities in life.
·Collect Books to Donate
Kids in some poor communities might have difficulty getting chances to read the books they need to improve their skills and become better readers.
·Tutor (辅导) a Student How to Read and Write
·
In addition to helping someone read locally, it’s also possible to get connected with a literacy organization through the World Literacy Foundation. This organization mainly focuses on helping children from low-income backgrounds.
A.Connect with a Literacy Organization |
B.Some children struggle to read and write |
C.Collect books for them from used bookstores |
D.And it also helps the children to become lifelong readers |
E.Here are tips about how to celebrate International Literacy Day |
9 . 包粽子是中国端午节的一个传统习俗。假定你是李华,你班级准备在端午节当天开展包粽子体验活动,请你写一封电子邮件,邀请你校外教Bob参加,要点包括:
活动地点 | in our school dining room |
活动时间 | from 9:00 a.m. to 1l:30 a.m. on 22nd June |
参与人员 | all the students and teachers in our class |
活动内容 | 1. wrap(包)rice ... with bamboo leaves to make zongzi 2. cook zongzi by ourselves 3. taste zongzi together |
活动意义 | experience and learn more about Chinese traditional culture |
注意:
1. 词数 80 左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯:3.开头与结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Bob,
I’m writing to invite you to take part in an activity on the Dragon Boat Festival.
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Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
Tim always looked for the easy way to do something. When his mother told him
For English class, Tim
But Tim wasn’t so
Tim learned his lesson. Cheating is wrong, and it always leads to trouble.