1 . Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the misunderstood overlap(交叠) between strengthbased science and the research on narcissism (自恋).
There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers say that about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism.
We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon, but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful reaction against approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves.
In my own research on strengthbased parenting, it is common for people to wrongly think this approach to be the cause of narcissism. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the selfassurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child selfish and uncaring.
Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and our daily life.The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it.
The fear that a strengthbased approach will cause narcissism also occurs because of our binary (非此即彼的) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. Without confidence in their strengths, Gandhi and Mother Teresa couldn’t have achieved so much, and yet modesty and selflessness are their qualities.
When we assume that strengthfocus is the same as selffocus, we fail to make the idea clear that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be prosocial and ready to help others.
It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths.
1. Which of the following opinions may the writer agree with?A.To state all kids are potential narcissists is overstating the case. |
B.Strengthbased parenting results in narcissism. |
C.It’s unhelpful for us to make our children feel good about themselves. |
D.Children knowing their strengths tend to be more selfish and uncaring. |
A.Many people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors. |
B.There is a shortage of narcissism in our common sense. |
C.Academic journals report more on narcissism. |
D.The general public has fewer approaches to strengths psychology. |
A.Tolerant. | B.Neutral. | C.Supportive. | D.Doubtful. |
A.Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis | B.Teens’ Misunderstood Confidence |
C.Teens’ StrengthBased Approach | D.Teens’ Psychology Research |
2 . Some penguins(企鹅)adapt their calls to become more similar to their partners over time,an ability that was previously known in only a few species, including humans.
Luigi Baciadonna at the University of Turin, Italy, and his coworkers recorded African penguins from three different colonies(群体)over three years, and also observed the behavioral patterns of one of the colonies to see which penguins were partners or friendly.
They then analyzed specific vocal(嗓音的)calls, which the penguins made when they were alone or trying to keep track of their friends.They compared four distinct vocal signatures such as the frequency of the calls. The signatures became more similar over time for penguins that were partners or in the same colony, and for penguins that heard more of each other’s calls.
This adaptation could make it easier for penguins to find their partners and friends in a colony. “Imagine that you are in a pub, you are with your friends and your environment is quite noisy,” says Baciadonna. “What you do is try to talk in a certain way so that your communication is more effective.”
The ability to adapt calls in response to the environment, known as vocal accommodation, is a key part of vocal learning, a more complex set of skills such as producing new sounds through learning. Identifying which species display vocal accommodation could provide clues to how vocal learning developed. Baciadonna and his team also propose that this accommodation could help with group harmony and social bonds between individual penguins.
The distance of penguins from humans on the evolutionary tree suggests that vocal accommodation could be common to many species, but a lot more data needs gathering first. “There could be a huge variety of different species that are able to adapt their calls slightly, but we don’t know that yet,” says Sara Torres Ortiz at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology.
1. What does the underlined word “signatures” mean in paragraph 3?A.Effects. | B.Characteristics. |
C.Sources. | D.Adjustments. |
A.To explain the reason why penguins adapt their calls. |
B.To highlight the role communication plays in social life. |
C.To prove humans’ ability to recognize each other's voices. |
D.To stress the difference between human and animal sounds. |
A.Whether penguins can promote group harmony. |
B.Whether all species can adapt to the environment. |
C.Whether more species display vocal accommodation. |
D.Whether penguins and humans are similar in vocal learning. |
A.Vocal learning involves a complex set of skills. |
B.Vocal accommodation helps build up social bonds. |
C.Penguins produce similar sounds even in different colonies. |
D.Penguins adapt their accents to sound more like their partners. |
要求:1. 利用本单元所学知识完成句子;
2. 使用恰当的过渡衔接词连句成篇。
①毫无疑问,科技已经取得了巨大进步,它与我们的日常生活息息相关。②例如,世界各地的化学家和生物学家已经进行了一系列的科学实验,试图找到癌症的治疗方法。③这个问题解决之后,人类的生活质量将大大提高。④除此之外,中国的天文学家已经建造了世界上最大的天文望远镜,这对于探索宇宙的起源有重要意义。⑤多亏了科技的快速发展,我们的未来会更美好。
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5 . Sleep is a necessary biological(生物的)function that has long interested scientists.
As we all know, most animals sleep. Scientists have studied everything from mice to fruit flies in the lab to get a better understanding of what happens when animals sleep—and why so many do it. However, gathering data on how animals sleep in their natural habitat has always been tricky and hard to do.
But scientists did just that with wild chinstrap penguins(帽带企鹅)in Antarctica. In doing so, researchers found birds in the nesting colony took over 10,000 microsleeps throughout the day-amounting to 1l hours of sleep. The microsleep last only seconds. Researchers think that microsleeps might help the animals avoid enemies that might be more likely to strike if the penguins are asleep for longer—especially when one parent goes out feeding in the ocean for days, leaving the other parent to protect the eggs.
Vladyslav Vyazovskiy, a sleep scientist who was not involved in the study, is excited about this new data. “Most of what we know about the fundamental biology of sleep was obtained in laboratory conditions, which were completely different from conditions where sleep evolved. Context matters,” says Vyazovskiy.
Microsleeps are much shorter than the minutes-long micronaps that have been shown to benefit humans. And study co-author Paul-Antoine Libourel is careful to not mix this insight about the success of microsleeps in penguins with that in humans. “This is not related to human physiology, and won’t tell us more about the function of human sleep.”
To study the penguins, scientists implanted devices into a small group of penguins’ brain and neck muscles. These brainwave and location data coupled with filming these birds in the nest gave sleep data about them. But the equipment had never been used before, so this data collection was only supposed to be a test.
The study is an early insight into a relatively large amount of scientific knowledge about sleep. “Pretty much every study on sleeping birds discovers something new, something we didn’t know before,” says Libourel.
1. What is the penguins’ taking microsleeps aimed at?A.Surviving the severe cold. |
B.Ensuring enough rest for growth. |
C.Securing themselves from attackers. |
D.Building up energy to hunt for food. |
A.Favorable. | B.Tolerant. | C.Doubtful. | D.Unconcerned. |
A.Micronaps are of great benefit to humans. |
B.Animal microsleeps differ from human micronaps. |
C.The function of human sleep has yet to be figured out. |
D.The research contributes to the understanding of human micronaps. |
A.Most animals need to take microsleeps |
B.Micronaps are important for human health |
C.The penguins take over 10,000 microsleeps a day |
D.Scientists show interest in animals’ sleep quality |
6 . In a fascinating discovery, western lowland gorillas (大猩猩) at Zoo Atlanta have been caught summoning their keepers using a strange cough-sneeze mixture, which researchers have called a “snough”. Only two other species have displayed this ability to create new vocalizations to attract our attention: zoo-housed chimpanzees and orangutans. Now, we can add gorillas to that list.
As many of us know, Koko put a spotlight on gorilla intelligence in the 1980s and 1990s with her incredible ability to communicate with humans using sign language. She was trained and worked hard at it, but now it seems gorillas have taken it upon themselves to establish unique communication with us in their own way.
Roberta Salmi, a biological anthropologist at the University of Georgia, and colleagues ran an experiment to confirm the purpose of the “snough”, by placing eight of the zoo’s gorillas in three different situations. In the first, only the keeper was present; in the second only the food was present; in the final one, the keeper was holding the food. The food and keeper were in sight but out of reach. The gorillas involved used the “snough” vocalization most when there was a human present with food, indicating the call is likely an attempt to get the keeper’s attention.
This complex vocal learning — the ability to produce unique calls — is rare in the animal kingdom and confirmed only in some species of birds, bats and elephants. But they all do so by imitating. The analysis showed the gorilla’s “snough” is a unique sound, not an imitation — although they are certainly capable of imitating us in other ways.
“These results demonstrate that gorillas can change their calls to produce a novel sound and furthermore confirm that they can produce their calls and gestures intentionally to change the attention state of their caregiver,” the team concluded in their paper. We’ve clearly long underestimated these clever souls.
1. Which of the following can replace “summoning” underlined in paragraph 1?A.pleasing | B.calling | C.finding | D.warning |
A.By ordering the gorillas to make the “snough” vocalization. |
B.By training the gorillas to attract their keepers’ attention. |
C.By comparing the gorillas’ reactions in different situations. |
D.By gathering information about the gorillas from their keepers. |
A.To illustrate gorillas can imitate humans in other ways. |
B.To confirm only gorillas have the ability to produce unique calls. |
C.To prove the animals can produce unique calls through imitation. |
D.To show gorillas’ ability to invent the new vocalization is uncommon. |
A.Some animals have the ability to make new sounds. |
B.Gorillas can create a new sound to draw zookeepers’ attention. |
C.Some intelligent animals try to attract attention by imitating. |
D.Gorillas are able to communicate with humans using unique gestures. |
7 . Streaming humorous videos on the Internet at work isn’t always a waste of time. They may be putting themselves in a good mood (心情) so that they can think more creatively.
According to Ruby Nadler, a PhD student at the university of Western Ontario, “Generally, a positive mood has been found to improve creative problem solving and flexible yet careful thinking.” She and her colleagues Rahel Rabi and John Paul Minda focused their research on a specific type of learning that benefits from creative thinking.
People in the study were put into various moods before being given a category (类别) learning task to complete: They learned to classify (分类) sets of pictures with visually (视觉) complex patterns. The researchers used music and video clips to change people’s mood; at the beginning, they tested out a few to see which ones made individuals the happiest and saddest. The happiest music was a cheerful Mozart composition, while the happiest video was a newborn baby laughing.
The researchers then used them in the experiment, along with sad music and videos that had no effect on moods. People were required to learn to spot a pattern after listening to the music and seeing the movie. Volunteers who were happy were better at learning a rule to categorize the patterns than those who were sad or indifferent.
“If you have a project where you want to think creatively, or you have a problem to carefully consider, being in a positive mood can help you do that,” Nadler says. And music is a simple method of putting yourself in a good mood. Everyone responds to various types of music, so don’t feel obligated (必须的) to switch to Mozart, she adds.
This, according to Nadler, might be one of the reasons why individuals enjoy watching humorous films at work. “I think people are unconsciously (无意识地) trying to put themselves in a positive mood, so the seeming waste of time may actually be beneficial to employers,” she says.
1. How did the researchers change the participants’ mood in their study?A.By sets of pictures. | B.By music and videos. |
C.By an assignment. | D.By a project. |
A.Complete a given task. | B.Report how they felt. |
C.Learn a piece of music. | D.Design a rule for the given task. |
A.Happy and sad people are equally good at learning. | B.Only Mozart’s music can help keep a good mood. |
C.A positive mood can help think creatively. | D.It’s a must to keep a good mood at work. |
A.Ways to change moods. | B.Types of music and videos. |
C.Methods of keeping a good mood. | D.Positive effects of a good mood. |
8 . Low-maintenance (无须费神的) care is one of the biggest advantages of owning a cat. Cats are known for being independent. And unlike dogs, cats don’t require daily walks in order to get their exercise fix.
Exercise is very important when it comes to keeping your cat healthy. Exercise, along with diet, is important for maintaining your cat’s weight.
Exercise is also good for mental health (精神健康).
The exact amount (数量) of recommended exercise differs from cat to cat.
A.Cats are good at taking care of themselves. |
B.Exercise helps to kill boredom and lower stress. |
C.That doesn’t mean cat exercise isn’t important, though. |
D.Taking your cat outside can inspire her interest in exercise. |
E.For most adult cats, though, 30 minutes per day is recommended. |
F.Fat cats may be cute, but being overweight can lead to health problems. |
G.Playing with your cat every day is one of the best ways to help them exercise. |
9 . Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them.
Social media, texting and e-mail all make it much easier to communicate, gather and pass information. But they also present some dangers. By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism theatrical metaphor (隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and protect a more perfect self to the world. As we become more reliant on these tools, they become more a part of our daily routine and so we become more restricted in this fantasy.
So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges.
Would a celebrity have been so daring to do something dishonorable if he had had to do it in person? Doubtful. It seems he might have been lost in a fantasy world that ultimately convinced himself into believing the digital self could obey different rules and regulations, as if he could continually push the limits of what’s acceptable without facing the consequences of “real life.”
1. The author compares e-mail with snail mail to show ________.A.the influence of high-tech on our life | B.the history of different types of mails |
C.the value of traditional communications | D.the rapid development of social media |
A.Destroying our life totally. | B.Posing more dangers than good. |
C.Helping us to hide our faults. | D.Replacing traditional letters. |
A.Sheltering us from virtual life. | B.Removing face-to-face interaction. |
C.Leading to false mental perception. | D.Making us rely more on hi-tech media. |
A.Technologies have changed our relationships. |
B.The digital world is a recipe for pushing limits. |
C.Love can be better conveyed by text message. |
D.The digital self need not take responsibility. |
10 . I used to tell my children that they were smart, because I was impressed by their rapid growth. I remember clearly watching my daughter figure out how to build a Lego house that would stand up on its own, and thinking: Look at this tiny architectural genius.
But decades of research now suggest that we should not tell our children they’re “smart” when they do impressive things. When I first heard it, I felt instinctively irritated. But after I dug into the research, I was persuaded. It all goes back to something called “growth” mindset, a term developed and popularized by Carol Dweck, a professor of psychology at Stanford. Professor Dweck believes that we can change our abilities through effort and strategy. The alternative to a growth mindset is a “fixed” mindset — the idea that our abilities are inborn and can’t be changed. When we praise our children for being “smart”, based on victories like doing well on a test, we’re unwittingly (不知不觉地) encouraging them to believe that if they do poorly or make mistakes, they’re not smart.
It’s not just what we say that matters, but how we tolerate our children’s failures. A 2016 study by Dweck showed that parents’ “failure mindsets” affect their children more than their views on intelligence. In other words, if parents think that failure is shameful, their children are more likely to be afraid of making mistakes. The study concludes that everyone is actually a mixture of fixed and growth mindsets, continually evolving with experience. Whatever we say or don’t say to our kids, the key is to get them more comfortable with failures big or small.
It’s helpful for kids to understand that you make mistakes and learn how they happen. When you chat with them, you can describe what you learned, or how you strategized a solution. “You don’t have to deny you have negative emotional reactions,” Dweck said. “We, as a society, don’t do that enough because we feel embarrassed when we make mistakes.” But if we discuss our missteps more and explain how we overcame them, our children can learn to do the same.
1. How did the author feel about the research advice at first?A.It was confusing. | B.It was annoying. |
C.It was persuasive. | D.It was encouraging. |
A.Smartness is the key to success. |
B.Difficulties in daily life teach them a lot. |
C.Their abilities can be improved through hard work. |
D.They are impressive due to their good grades on tests. |
A.Help children face failures positively. |
B.Hide their negative feelings from children. |
C.Remind children to avoid making mistakes. |
D.Pay attention to developing children’s intelligence. |
A.Ways to Cultivate Smart Children |
B.The Effect of a Fixed Mindset on Children |
C.The Power of Proper Praise for Children’s Growth |
D.The Importance of a Growth Mindset in Parenting |