1 . The city of Pompeii is a partially buried Roman towncity near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania. Along with Herculaneum, Pompeii was partially destroyed and buried under 4 m to 6 m of ash in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
By the 1st century AD, Pompeii was one of a number of towns located near the base of the volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The area had a large population which grew prosperous(繁荣的) from the region’s agricultural fertility(丰产). Many of Pompeii’s neighboring communities also suffered damage or destruction during the 79 AD eruption. The eruption occurred on August 24.
A study of the eruption products and victims indicated that at Vesuvius and surrounding towns heat was the main cause of death of people, previously believed to have died by ash suffocation(窒息). The results of the study, published in 2010, show that exposure to at least 250 ℃ hot surges at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent(出口) was sufficient to cause instant death, even if people were sheltered within buildings.
In 1748, a farmer called Andre and his brother dug a cupboard made of metal. To their surprise, there are a lot of dissolved jewelry and ancient money in it.
This news took air. The farmers were thinking of the legend of disappeared Pompeii that ancestors told them. So, many archaeologists, historians, and even treasure hunters swarmed(蜂拥) there. In 1876, Italy government agreed with experts to dig the Pompeii out. Through a hundred years’ working, they dug the Pompeii out completely.
The historian Vanya said, “What a horrifying scene! Many people died when they are dormant(休眠的), and some people died behind the door of home. They were raising their hands and breathing ...”
Compared with nature, human seems small and weak. We don’t have enough power to compete with nature, so we should respect nature and protect the environment to lessen disasters.
1. What did the people of Pompeii depend on for a living?| A．Industry. | B．Agriculture. |
| C．Hunting. | D．Business. |
| A．Ash suffocation. | B．Lack of shelters. |
| C．Extreme heat. | D．Starvation. |
| A．Spread. | B．Disappeared. |
| C．Increased. | D．Reduced. |
| A．To compete with nature. | B．To fight against disasters. |
| C．To protect our surroundings. | D．To research on nature. |
In much of Asia, especially the so - called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea,
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People
Some people think that
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with
Big challenges, however, can sometimes lead to great
4 . Few things have helped create the look of the English countryside more than hedges（树篱）. Hedges have been used for a long time in England, yet for all their ancientness, much of the familiar checkerboard pattern they help create is of very recent age.
Hedges have been used as field boundaries in England since the times of the Romans. Archaeological discovery at Farmoor(Oxon) shows Roman hedges were made of thorn（荆棘）. The Anglo-Saxons also used hedges widely, and many that were used as estate boundaries still exist. Although these early hedges were used as field enclosures（圈地）or to mark the boundaries of one person’s possessions, there was no systematic planting of hedges in England until the first enclosure movement of the 13th century.
The pressures of population expansion led to a widespread clearing of land for agriculture, and the new fields needed to be marked clearly. Later, farming expansion in the 15th century led to more widespread hedge planting, but the greatest use of hedges came in the Enclosure Movement of the 18th and 19th centuries. The Enclosure Movement is a fancy term that historians use to describe the habit of wealthy landowners enclosing common fields for their own use, usually for the purpose of raising sheep.
Hedges are used as field boundaries in the lowland of England. In the highlands, such as the Yorkshire Dales, dry stone walls are commonly used. So great was the need for hedges during the Enclosures that a whole new industry sprang up supplying hawthorn（山楂）plants to be used in planting new hedges.
In the process of enclosure many rural labourers lost their livelihood and had to move to the new industrial urban centres. So the next time you sigh over the timeless quality of the English hedge-shaped countryside, spare a thought for the pain and hardship caused by the expansion of hedged fields to much of England’s rural population.
1. What were hedges originally used for in England?| A．Enclosing common lands. |
| B．Marking the limits of fields. |
| C．Protecting agricultural crops. |
| D．Protecting sheep from the wolves. |
| A．Immigration. | B．Conflicts. |
| C．Agriculture. | D．Tourism. |
| A．Roman times. | B．The 13th century. |
| C．The 15th century. | D．The 18th century. |
| A．They made good hedges. |
| B．They produced nice fruits. |
| C．They had beautiful shapes. |
| D．They were suitable food for sheep. |
The most important rule of the road concerns which side to drive on. A large number of accidents in the world happen for this reason, with more and more people
Most areas of the world which
Generally speaking, about two thirds of the countries in the world drive on the right such as, the USA, China and Russia. Canada used to drive on the left but changed to the right to make border crossings with the USA more
The
There are several names for Britain: Britain, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and the UK. The official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:
London is the capital of the UK, as well as England, but all the other countries have their own smaller capital
Until 1603, Scotland and England were separate countries with their own monarchs (国王) and parliaments (国会). In that year, however, the English queen, Elizabeth I,
The English king, Edward I, conquered Wales in the 13th century. Many people in Wales,
Elizabeth. Ⅰ’s armies conquered Ireland in the 16th century and it later became part of the United Kingdom. There were a lot of problems in Ireland in the 19th century and thousands of people moved to the USA. In the 1920s, the south achieved
Happy Birthday to You is a happy song,
Thirty-one years later, a gentleman by the name of Robert H. Coleman published the song without the sisters
Mr. Coleman's addition of the second verse
After Mildred died in 1916, Patty took Mr. Coleman to court. In court, she proved that she and her sister owned the melody. Because the family
8 . There are many universities that have been in existence for a long time and are still very popular for their quality education. The following are three of them.
University of Oxford, England
Founded in: 1096
The foundation year of this university is around 1096. There is evidence of teaching being undertaken then. It gained a lot of popularity in the early 1167, as Henry II put a ban on English students from entering the University of Paris. It is regarded as one of the best places to get a higher education today, and it consists of 38 different colleges specializing in various fields of study.
University of Salamanca, Spain
Founded in: 1218
This is the oldest university in Spain, and is located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid. It is the third oldest university in Europe that has been in continuous operation since it was founded. Today, it is the most important institution in the world for studying humanities and languages, Christopher Columbus is said to have consulted with its scholars when he was seeking a route to India.
University of Padua, Italy
Founded in: 1222
This is the chief university of Italy. It was started as a law school. It is said to be founded in
1222 by a group of students and professors. Theology (神学) and law were the first subjects taught here. The fields of botany, history, and theater are the most well-known and pursued courses here, and it has established its greatness in the educated world. In 2015, it was ranked as the best university among all Italian educational institutions for higher education.
1. How did the University of Oxford become quite popular？| A．It received a lot of financial support from Henry II |
| B．It decided to run more courses to educate more students. |
| C．Henry II allowed the university to accept foreign students. |
| D．Henry II forbade English students to attend the University of Paris. |
| A．Scholars in the University of Salamanca are knowledgeable |
| B．Columbus graduated from the University of Salamanca |
| C．Columbus was grateful for the help provided by the university |
| D．Some of his friends in the university held a farewell party for him |
| A．It is located in the west of Madrid |
| B．It is the third oldest university in Europe |
| C．Theology and law were the first subjects taught there |
| D．It is the premier institution in the world for studying humanities |
9 . Today about 70 countries use Daylight Saving Time (DST). Daylight Saving was first introduced during World War I in Australia. During the world wars, DST was used for the late summers beginning January 1917 and 1942, and the full summers beginning September 1942 and 1943.
In 1967, Tasmania experienced a drought. The State Government introduced one hour of daylight saving that summer as a way of saving power and water. Tasmanians liked the idea of daylight saving and the Tasmanian Government has declared daylight saving each summer since 1968. Persuaded by the Tasmanian Government, all states except two passed a law in 1971, for a test use of daylight saving. In 1972, New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria joined Tasmania for regular daylight saving, but Queensland did not do so until 1989.
Tasmania, Queensland and South Australia have had irregular plans, often changing their dates due to politics or festivals. For example, in 1992, Tasmania extended daylight saving by an extra month while South Australia began extending daylight saving by two weeks for the Adelaide Festival. Special daylight saving plans were made during the sydney 2000 Olympic Games.
The differences in daylight saving in Australia continue to cause serious problems in transport and many other social activities. It also reduces the number of hours in the working day that are common to all centers in the country. In particular, time differences along the east coast cause major difficulties, especially for the broadcasters of national radio and television.
1. Daylight Saving Time was introduced in Tasmania ________.| A．to save water and electricity | B．to support government officials |
| C．to pass a special law in the state | D．to stop the drought in 1967 |
| A．Victoria. | B．Queensland. |
| C．South Australia. | D．New South Wales. |
| A．It lasts for two weeks. | B．It is not used in festivals. |
| C．Its plan was changed in 2000. | D．It doesn't have fixed dates. |
| A．There exist some undesirable effects. |
| B．It helps little to save energy. |
| C．It brings about longer working days. |
| D．Radio and TV programs become different. |
When the modern Olympic Games
The winter sports were popular, so in 1924 an International Winter Sports Week
Still, the Winter Olympics were under way, adding more sports to the games and
