1 . Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist (生理学家) best known for his discovery of classical conditioning (经典条件反射). During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov found that the animals salivated (流口水) naturally upon the presentation of food. However, he also noticed that the animals began to salivate whenever they saw the white lab coat of an experimental assistant. By associating the presentation of food with the lab assistant, he finally found that a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus (刺激物) other than food. He called this response a conditional reflex.
Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in Ryazan. Russia, where his father was the village minister. His earliest studies were focused on theology (神学), but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species had a powerful influence on his future interests. He soon stopped his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science at the University of Saint Petersburg. Pavlov's interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and continued to manage the program for the next 45 years.
Pavlov received much praise for his work. He worked in the Russian Academy of Science and won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The Soviet government also offered lots of support for Pavlov's work, and the Soviet Union soon became a leading center of research on physiology. While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of psychology, his work had a major influence on the field, particularly on the development of behaviorism. His discovery and research on reflexes influenced the growing behaviorist movement. and Pavlov's discovery had a major influence on many thinkers, such as John B. Watson.
1. What can we infer from the first paragraph?| A．The dogs in the studies liked the color white. |
| B．It was found that a dog would only salivate to food. |
| C．Ivan Pavlov discovered the conditional reflex by accident. |
| D．Ivan Pavlov's assistant had a close relationship with the dogs. |
| A．He was born in a well-off family in Russia. |
| B．He was greatly influenced by Charles Darwin's book. |
| C．He was interested in religion as well as natural sciences. |
| D．He studied theology at the University of Saint Petersburg. |
| A．John B. Watson was also a famous physiologist. |
| B．Ivan Pavlov's discovery had an effect on psychology. |
| C．The Soviet government considered Ivan Pavlov's work valueless. |
| D．Ivan Pavlov had a great interest in physiology as well as psychology. |
| A．Ivan Pavlov's dogs. |
| B．A great psychologist—Ivan Pavlov. |
| C．The life and great discovery of Ivan Pavlov. |
| D．The discovery of the conditional reflex. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Alice was born in the small town. Her parents wanted her to become a housewife in the future. But she has dreamed becoming a writer since she was young. So she took every opportunity to learning something about writing. Meanwhile, she struggled for her dream or withstood the hard life. She kept writing even if when she was occupying with many things every day. Eventual, Alice succeeded, and even win the Nobel Prize for literature.
Please believe that your efforts will pay off one day. When faced with all kinds of difficulty, Alice chose to wait patiently for opportunities and struggle with life, which made him a successful person at last.
3 . Wang Tao, a Chinese fashion designer, released her fall-winter 2019 collection in New York on February 9, the tenth time her brand, Taoray Wang, has been featured at the New York Fashion Week.
Sitting on the front row of the show were U. S. President Donald Trump's younger daughter Tiffany Trump with her mother Marla Maples, as well as former Fox News host Kimberly Guilfoyle.
Tiffany Trump, a fan of Taoray Wang, wore a white double-breasted coat by Wang to her father's inauguration（就职典礼）ceremony in January 2017.
Wang's latest collection, Eternity, is partly inspired by Tiffany Trump. In this collection, Wang combines the unconventional beauty of the 1970s, represented by famous American model Lauren Hutton and the female look favored by people such as Tiffany Trump.
The two women are from two different age groups with two different styles but both are confident and brave, said Wang while attending her show in Manhattan. "Beauty is not about time or age. It's all about attitude."
Along with China's growing economic strength, Chinese fashion has gradually gained worldwide attention, said Wang, adding that only when more and more foreigners wear clothes designed by Chinese people, will it mean a real rise of Chinese fashion on the global stage.
Wang has a diverse background. With a degree in history from East China Normal University in Shanghai, Wang got a second degree in fashion from Japan's top fashion institute Tokyo Mode Gakuen, where she received five international awards in design. She was selected by Junko Koshino—a well-known Japanese designer, to head the studio as the chief men's designer.
To realize her global career ambitions, Wang then left Japan to go to the UK where she worked as a leading designer. In 2002 she returned to China and led the repositioning of broadcast: bo, making it one of the top 10 Chinese women's labels. Wang is currently a board member of the Shanghai Ribo Fashion Group.
1. Why are Tiffany Trump and Lauren Hutton mentioned in the passage?| A．They share the same hobby. |
| B．They are famous American models. |
| C．They are both confident and brave. |
| D．They have given Wang's inspiration for her latest collection. |
| A．The fall-winter 2019 collection was her first international award in design. |
| B．She majored in design while studying in East China Normal University. |
| C．It was the tenth time that her brand, Taoray Wang had appeared at the New York Fashion Week. |
| D．She once left Japan for the UK to make her fortune. |
| A．both Taoray Wang and bo are popular fashion brands |
| B．Wang Tao is the most famous fashion designer in China |
| C．Tiffany Trump and her mother Marla Maples are fans of Wang Tao |
| D．more and more foreigners are wearing clothes designed by Chinese people |
| A．China's fashion industry |
| B．The New York Fashion Week |
| C．Taoray Wang—a famous fashion brand |
| D．Wang Tao—a famous Chinese fashion designer |
4 . As the winner of six gold medals, cyclist Sir Chris Hoy is one of Britain's most successful Olympians. Now he has written a book to help young people achieve their own goals in life, called Be Amazing! An Inspiring Guide to Being Your Oum Cham pion. The book is packed with stories from his cycling career and the lessons he learned along the way. Speaking to The Week Junior, Hoy says the book's advice can apply to anything, whether it's sport, the arts or science.
When he was young, Hoy never thought he would have a career in cycling. “First of all, I wasn't that good at it,” he says. Heever thought that successful people were just certain to be great and were different from everyone else. But after growing up, Hoy realized that wasn't true and he saw whatever can happen if you work hard at something you love. He won his first gold medal at the 2004 Olympics in Greece in a time trial event. In this event, the cyclists took it in turns to see who could go the fastest round a track. Before Hoy's turn came, the world record had been broken three times. However, he focused on his own performance and won gold. Hoy said hearing his name followed by the words “Olympic champion” was truly magical.
If Hoy could give his younger self a piece of advice, it would be, “Not everyone can win a gold medal, so there has to be more than that. There has to be enjoyment and fun at the heart of everything.”
1. What is Chris Hoy’s main purpose of writing the book？| A．To get young people to buy it. |
| B．To make the young learn how to cycle. |
| C．To help the young realize their dreams. |
| D．To let young people know his sports career. |
| A．His works of art. |
| B．His cycling profession. |
| C．His educational theories. |
| D．His academic achievements. |
| A．Interest and effort. |
| B．Technique and talent. |
| C．Warmth and strength. |
| D．Energy and curiosity. |
| A．He did well in cycling as a boy. |
| B．He has broken the world record three times. |
| C．He won his first Olympic gold medal in Australia |
| D．He thinks the key to doing everything is pleasure. |
5 . Life began in Hawaii in 1985 for musical celebrity Bruno Mars. His dad, Pete, was a percussionist(打击乐手)and his mom, Bernadette, was a singer and dancer, so it seemed natural that Bruno would one day become a musician. At age 4, Bruno officially joined in a show, and audiences adored him. That early introduction to show business helped him develop confidence. He says, “Performing from such a young age just got me so comfortable on stage. Growing up performing-that was normal for me.”
After graduating from high school, Bruno decided to move to Los Angeles to pursue a music career. It wasn't easy, though. He was used to performing regularly as a musician in Honolulu, Hawaii. But LA's competitive atmosphere was nothing like that in Hawaii. “It's not likein movies, where you walk into a record company and you're given all these great songs You have to write what the world is going to want to hear. I learned that the hard way here in LA,”Bruno said.
Though the enticement to give up was great, he never did. Bruno found that he could make money and become established by writing songs for famous singers. In 2010 Bruno caught a lucky break when he was asked to record one of his songs. It rocketed to the top of the charts. That same year he released his first original solo single, Just the Way You Are, which also hit number one. The song's success brought Bruno instant fame and star status.
Since then Bruno Mars has received numerous music awards and honors. He has sold more than 130 million records, making him one of the best-selling artists ever. Many of his fans and peers consider him a musical genius and one of the world's best performers.
1. Why was Bruno's career development hard in LA?| A．He was lacking in confidence. | B．Competition in LA was fiercer. |
| C．He didn't perform regularly in LA. | D．The audience wasn't attracted by him. |
| A．Instruction. | B．Command. |
| C．Inspiration. | D．Appeal. |
| A．Famous singers' songs written by him. |
| B．His rich experience in performing on stage. |
| C．Songs he was required to record for himself. |
| D．Famous singers' direction and recommendation. |
| A．Awards won by Bruno Mars. | B．Popular songs by Bruno Mars. |
| C．Bruno Mars' struggle in LA. | D．Bruno Mars' road to fame. |
With a big smile on her face, Gan Youqin chats with her followers in her live-stream every night, trying
Gan
Gan’s company has been
7 . Mention sand art and the image that comes to mind is that of an intricately(杂乱的) carved sculpture or design sketched on a beach surface. Though impressive, they are transient(短暂的) masterpieces that disappear with the first large wave or splash of rain. However, 24-year-old Tim Bengel’s sand art is permanent. That’s because the German artist uses the grit(粗砂) to “paint” his masterpieces on canvas. While the final product is certainly beautiful, what is even more so is the way it is created.
Bengel begins by covering a blank canvas with a special adhesive(黏合剂) that dries extremely slowly, giving the artist enough time to draw the desired image. He then begins “painting” with grains of black sand and in some cases, gold foil. It takes the young man anywhere from 200 to 300 hours to complete each work of art.
What is most intriguing about Bengel’s process is that only the artist knows what the final image will be. To the rest of the world, the canvas appears to be a mess of black sand. It is only when Bengel sprinkles white sand over the canvas and then dramatically sweeps off all the excess grit that the masterpiece is revealed!
The talented artist, who is currently studying art at the University of Tubingen, says his interest in the subject began after he visited the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart Art Museum as a child. Bengel was so inspired that he came home and began trying to reproduce the paintings he had seen at the museum. After winning an art competition at this school at the age of 18, Bengel knew that it was the career he wanted to pursue. But the young man also realized that to be successful, he would have to develop his own unique style.
1. From the first paragraph we can see that________.| A．sand art only last for a short time |
| B．Bengel’s works are intricately carved sculptures |
| C．Bengel’s works stretch on the beach |
| D．the creation of sand art is more beautiful |
| A．The artist creates his work on the beach. |
| B．It takes the artist a long time to finish each work of art. |
| C．This kind of art work is very easy to create. |
| D．The artist has to work quickly because of the adhesive. |
| A．when he became a university student |
| B．after he went to an art museum |
| C．after he saw some sand sculptures |
| D．when he was at the age of 18 |
| A．He must visit museums often. |
| B．He must reproduce the paintings. |
| C．He must have his own unique style. |
| D．He must win art competitions. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
The well-known Chinese writer, translator and foreign literature researcher Yang Jiang passed away at the age of 105 in May 25, 2016.
Having studied in the UK and the France, Yang was fluent all in English and French. But before considering several English and French translation of the Spanish classic Don Quixote(唐 吉可德) unsuitable, she started learning Spanish at the age of 48. In the translation process, she thinks carefully about every word and every sentence, as a result of that, Yang Jiang finished the translation of Don Quixote over a period of 10 years. Publishing in 1978, it remains widely regarded as the definitive translation of the classic in China. Undoubted, Yang will remembered for her great literary achievements forever.
For ages, embroidery（刺绣）has been known as a woman's job. However, Zhang Yan,
The show,
Zhang's path to success is not easy, but he expects
10 . At age 12, Keegan Sobilo of New Baltimore carefully tucks his legs and arms into a fire suit, pulls on a helmet and climbs into a race car that exceeds 80 mph. He has been doing this since age 8.
"At first, I was scared to death. It was like, 'Let's do bowling or swimming.' It' s still very scary. But he knows what he's doing." said his mother.
"The sixth-grader always wears pajamas to the track every night and takes them off when he puts his race clothes on. He's been doing that for the last four years. That' s his trademark," said Tim Phillips, his crew chief. The first time he wore his train pajamas to the track, Keegan went from last place to ninth place. He decided they brought luck. Since then, he has won a series of championships.
Passion for cars runs in the family. Keegan' s father is a design mechanic at Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. He knows what it means to have seats and roll cages built to fit his son's body. "I tell my son you have to be the perfect package. Winning races every weekend is not the only key. More importantly, you have to have the right name, you have to look the correct way, speak the correct way, and act the correct way. Then the rest of it is really luck, like the stock market."
While Keegan' s classmates play basketball and volleyball, Keegan is at the Birch Run track—practicing, qualifying and racing until 10 pm or 2 am. While many children spend time playing video games, Keegan runs race simulation training with his joystick（操纵杆）after school.
"The kid is cool. It was like having a grandson. We showed respect to each other. And he takes it very seriously," said competitor Mike Todd, 69, of Galesburg, Michigan. "He's an older soul in a young man's body."
1. What does the underlined word "exceeds" in paragraph 1 mean?| A．Remains stable. | B．Goes beyond |
| C．Stops | D．Climbs |
| A．Victory | B．Safety |
| C．Good qualities. | D．Real luck. |
| A．Keegan spends a lot of time practicing |
| B．the train pajamas bring Keegan success |
| C．Keegan's mother worries about his studies |
| D．Keegan picked up the hobby at the age of 4 |
| A．his grandfather | B．his race car |
| C．his competitor | D．his joystick |
