When drawing scientists. U. S. children now depict (描画) female scientists more often than ever, according to new Northwestern University research, which has analyzed five decades of “Draw-A-Scientist” studies conducted since the 1960s.
This change suggests that children’s stereotypes (刻板印象) linking science with men have weakened over time, said the researchers, consistent with more women becoming scientists and children’s media depicting more female scientists on television shows and other media.
In the first study, conducted between 1968 and 1979, less than one percent of 5,000 children drew an image resembling a woman when asked to draw a scientist. Almost all their artwork depicted men working with laboratory equipment, often with lab coats, glasses and facial hair.
But in later studies (1988 to 2019), 28 percent of children drew a female scientist, on average. In addition, both girls and boys drew female scientists more often over time, though girls overall drew female scientists much more often than boys.
“Our results suggest that children’s stereotypes change as women’s and men’s roles change in society.” said study lead author David Miller. “Children still draw more male than female scientists, but that is expected because women remain a minority in several science fields.”
The researchers also studied how children form stereotypes about scientists across child development. The results suggested children did not associate science with men until grade school; around age 5, they drew roughly equal percentages of male and female scientists. During elementary and middle school, the tendency to draw male scientists increased strongly with age. Older children were also more likely to draw scientists with lab coats and glasses, suggesting that children learn other stereotypes as they mature.
“These changes across children’s age likely reflect that children’s exposure to male scientists accumulates during development, even in recent years.” said Miller.
“To build on cultural changes, teachers and parents should present children with multiple examples of female scientists across many contexts such as science courses, television shows and informal conversations,” Miller said.
1. What is the change in children drawing scientists?| A．Children draw more male scientists. |
| B．Children draw more female scientists. |
| C．Girls draw more scientists than boys. |
| D．Children draw more female than male scientists. |
| A．It’s not surprising. | B．It’s not reasonable. |
| C．It’s unexpected. | D．It’s not acceptable. |
| A．How children develop their drawings. |
| B．How children’s stereotypes change with age. |
| C．Why children draw more male scientists. |
| D．What scientists look like in children’s drawings. |
| A．By encouraging children to attend science courses. |
| B．By encouraging children to become scientists in the future. |
| C．By giving children an example of drawing female scientists. |
| D．By making female scientists known to children in various situations. |
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【推荐1】Every kid wishes to be an adult. But now as grown-ups, some adults find they cannot leave childhood behind. They become "kidults" (kid+adult). Being a kidult has become a lifestyle-choice among young people across Asia.
Some kidults collect toys they once played with. Hello Kitty, Garfield, and Snoopy have many adult fans around the world. It is not unusual to see a 20-something woman with a big, Garfield-shaped cushion on her sofa or a Hello Kitty mobile phone accessory.
Other kidults still enjoy children's stories and fairy tales. For example, Bloomsbury even published the Harry Potter novels with an adult cover. That way, no one else on the subway will know that an adult is actually reading a children's book!
"Kidults can be like vitamins to society. Adults who value their childhood and hold on to pure, child-like emotion may be needed in such a rough and dry society," said Lee Sojung, professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University. He added that kidult culture may fill the generation gap between adults and kids. It could give children and their parents books, movies, and cartoon shows to enjoy together. He may be right.
Tim Green-halgh, a professor, explained that some kidults just refuse to grow up. They cling to (舍不得放弃) childhood because life in a busy and stressful city frightens them. Kidults would like to forget their age and openly show their fear of society and adulthood.
"So, they can escape from increasingly complex and stressful lives that are hard to deal with." Greenhalgh said.
1. We can know from the passage that kidults are ________.| A．children who can't wait to grow up |
| B．Grown-ups who hold on to child-like emotion |
| C．people who enjoy playing sports. |
| D．young people who pretended to be grown-ups when young. |
| A．buy Hello Kitty mobile phone accessories. |
| B．read a children's book on the subway. |
| C．work in a busy and stressful city. |
| D．collect toys they once played with. |
| A．some companies are taking advantage of it. |
| B．modern life is stressful and hard |
| C．some people like to stay young and energetic. |
| D．some people wish to fill the generation gap. |
【推荐2】Despite earning more than $ 100,000 in household income, many people feel that they are living month to month and that a loss of employment or sudden medical emergency could easily move them from the upper middle class to low income earners. This feeling of being on the “edge” of poverty, despite these levels of income, seems a bit ridiculous but it really comes down to easy credit, misunderstanding of their incomes and peer group pressures.
Even in today’s tough economy, for those with six-figure incomes credit is easy to come by. Credit companies may have cut back offerings to those in lower income brackets due to the recent credit reforms, but there seems to be little or no effect on high income earners. Their being able to get credit without difficulty gives them a false sense of security that makes them spend way more than their incomes can afford. That’s why they accumulate credit card debt faster than average.
Many higher income earners feel like they are making lots of money now, and believe that they will continue to make big money. This may reduce their feeling that they need to watch their money carefully now. Hand in hand with that, many of them probably believe that they are making more money than they really are — or said another way, the money they make will go farther than it really does.
Meanwhile, many young professionals who are earning good incomes don't come from particularly privileged backgrounds, and their reference point may be that they are making twice (or more) than their parents were — so they spend like that as well. They don’t take account of the effect of inflation, which means that the cost of living is much higher than that in their parents’ generation. Further, the more you earn, the more you pay in tax. Rather than focusing on after-tax incomes, many high income earners only look at the top line figures. A $ 100,000 income before tax is only about $ 70,000 after tax.
1. Who is the text centered on?| A．The upper middle class. | B．The lower income group. |
| C．People living in poverty. | D．People getting into debt. |
| A．Lack of real budget. | B．Easy availability of credit. |
| C．The good economic climate. | D．Their privileged backgrounds. |
| A．They should focus on their top line figures. |
| B．They need to look ahead rather than look back. |
| C．They actually don't earn as much as they think. |
| D．They should form good personal financial habits. |
| A．Effects of peer group pressures. | B．Ways to keep financial stability. |
| C．Harm of poor money management. | D．Tips on reducing the risk of poverty. |
【推荐3】The vast majority of parents expect their children to grow up to be healthy, happy, and productive members of society.
The standards of perfection for parents these days are extremely high. Perfect parenting expectations begin with a drug free natural birth. Once our young are born we must breastfeed each baby for years. If we can’t breasted, we must at least feed on demand.
These standards are unreasonable. They’re also crazy. Parents can’t be perfect. Why? Because we’re human and so are our children.
| A．We must make our own baby food. |
| B．They are pushing themselves too far. |
| C．Robots would be much easier to parent. |
| D．There is only unlimited devotion to our children. |
| E．A good enough parent meets the needs of their children. |
| F．Parents have no enough time to live up to these high standards. |
| G．To meet those goals, parents are told that they must spare no effort. |
【推荐1】The long-running Detective Conan (《名侦探柯南》) has a strong fan base on Asian TV today.
Detective Conan tells a story about a gifted high school student detective who turns into a young boy after he is forced to take a poison. He attends a primary school and together with detective Kogoro Mouri and his daughter Ran, Conan helps the police solve difficult mysteries. Since 1994, the comic (连环漫画) has grown up with the generation of the 1980s and become an indispensable part of their childhood memory. Another well-loved series is coming back — Slam Dunk. The basketball-themed manga (动漫) from 1990 to 1996 is also a fond memory from childhood.
Many people said, “Now the basketballers are coming back, and so is the little detective boy. For a moment, I thought I was turning back the clock.”
Most people can relate to the two comic series because both of them attach importance to (重视) common values that we had when we were children.
The main characters in Slam Dunk are growing up and struggling for their dreams. There is courage, friendship and intelligence in Detective Conan. The return of the comic is a chance to remember who we once were.
It wasn’t until we were adults that we realized the world wasn’t what it looked like in comics. Time flies, but the young man we admire will always stay young.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?| A．The duty of a detective. |
| B．The mystery of the police. |
| C．The importance of childhood. |
| D．The content of Detective Conan. |
| A．Incorrect. | B．Frightening. |
| C．Necessary. | D．Unfortunate. |
| A．They are European comics. |
| B．They are not popular with children. |
| C．They attach importance to adults’ life. |
| D．They focus on children’s common values. |
| A．A TV review(评论). | B．A biology report. |
| C．A magazine. | D．A travel guidebook. |
【推荐2】Last summer, over 12,000 fans packed London’s Wembley Arena. Thousands more watched online, shouting and cheering. Were they watching soccer? No, they were watching e-sports or competitive PC gaming.
Millions of people in the UK play PC games for fun. Some of them have become professionals, playing games as their full-time job. The prize at the Wembley event totaled 3 million pounds. It’s not easy being a professional gamer, though. They practice for 10 or more hours a day, 5 or 6 days a week. They do exercises like typing something and then trying to type it faster and faster. They also study videos of other players and plan ways to beat them.
Many people who play games also enjoy watching them. They often watch games on video sites like Twitch and YouTube, and in the UK there’s even a TV channel showing e-sports 24 hours a day. Matches can be exciting to watch. Just like in other sports, there are close games, last-minute victories and creative strategies (策略). Sometimes online viewers can interact with the players through instant messaging. For example, some supporters rename characters in the game with the names of their biggest supporters.
But are e-sports really sports? Are the players athletes? It’s easy to say, “No Way!” After all , professional gamers don’t need to run, jump or throw a hall. At the moment, the UK government classifies e-sports as a kind of game, not as a sport. But many people think that e-sports are sport. They say that players do need physical skills, especially hand-eye coordination (协调), quick action , accuracy and timing. In fact, the governments of China and South Korea do classify e-sports as sports, and professional gamers will soon be able to compete for medals at the 2022 Asian Games.
For many e-sports fans and players, though, the most important thing is that e-sports are growing in popularity and reputation. E-sports are not important at the moment. If e-sports are not probably be soon.
1. What do the British people think of e-sports?| A．They have a great passion for e-sports. |
| B．They are not willing to be professionals. |
| C．They prefer watching e-sports online to live. |
| D．They take e-sports just as a way of entertainment. |
| A．The fun of playing e-sports. |
| B．The popularity of e-sports in the UK. |
| C．How e-sports are different from traditional sports. |
| D．How to start a career as a professional e-sports gamer. |
| A．They inspire people as much as other sports. |
| B．They share rules and strategies with other sports. |
| C．It takes players time and money to learn and practice. |
| D．Players need to develop physical skills to perform well. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Negative. | C．Optimistic. | D．Indifferent. |
【推荐3】An important lesson in the moral education of children could be as close as the book in their hands. Stories can play a role in changing the importance of particular moral values in young audiences, according to the result of a new study.
“Media can greatly influence separate moral values and get kids to place more or less importance on those values depending on what is uniquely stressed in that content,” says Lindsay Hahn, PhD, a professor in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences.
Hahn is first author of the new study, which adds an important part to a body of literature that explores how media content affects children. While many previous studies have focused on broad conceptualisations (概念化), like positive or negative effects of specific content, Hahn’s study looks at how reading of content featuring specific moral values might influence the weight kids place on those values.
Do children reading about particular moral characteristics absorb those qualities as building blocks for their own morality? The findings suggest so, and further support how this indirect approach to socializing children’s morality can add to the direct teaching of moral principles kids might receive through formal instruction.
For the study, Hahn and her colleagues took the main character from a teenager story and edited the content to reflect in each version (版本) the study’s focus on one of four moral values. A fifth version was changed in a way that featured an amoral main character. The stories were shared with about 200 participants between the ages of 10 and 14. The team then measured the importance kids place on moral values to find out how participants might be influenced by specific stories.
“Measuring these effects can be difficult,” says Hahn. “That’s why one purpose of this research was to develop a measure of moral values for kids”.
1. What can be inferred from the results of the study?| A．Good virtues can carry children through hard times. |
| B．Good morals in stories help shape children’s values. |
| C．Teaching moral principles directly to kids seems useless. |
| D．Reading stories is a better approach than formal instructions. |
| A．The response of the public to Hahn’s study. |
| B．The difference between Hahn’s study and previous studies. |
| C．The big contribution of Hahn’s study to children’s literature. |
| D．The branches of the research on media influences on children. |
| A．They adapted a character and created five stories. |
| B．They tested different moral principles in children. |
| C．They created a chain story out of an old character. |
| D．They illustrated the study for younger participants. |
| A．A textbook. |
| B．A social report. |
| C．A medical report. |
| D．An education magazine. |
【推荐1】On May 24, 2021, two days after Yuan Longping, known as the “father of hybrid rice”, passed away at the age of 91, the farewell ceremony for him was held in Changsha. People from all walks of life mourned (哀悼) his passing away.
Born in Beijing on Sept. 7, 1930, Yuan Longping was the son of a railroad official and an English teacher. His family moved frequently, uprooted (使离开家园) by the war between China and Japan. When he was young, he saw with his own eyes that people didn’t get enough to eat. “I saw heartbreaking scenes of people starving to death on the road before 1949,” recalled Yuan.
Yuan Longping studied agronomy (农艺学) at what was then the Southwest Agricultural College in Chongqing. After graduating in 1953, he taught at an agricultural college in Changsha, where his focus shifted from sweet potatoes to rice. High-yield hybrid corn was already in production, and Yuan Longping sought to do something similar to rice, a crop that posed a far greater challenge for plant breeders.
In the early 1970s, Yuan Longping and his team developed hybrid strains that typically yielded 20 percent more rice than conventional varieties, transforming Chinese agriculture after years of famine(饥荒). Some 10,000 years after Chinese farmers began cultivating rice near the Yangtze River, the country now produces more than 200 million tons of rice a year, more than any other nation.
Rather than limiting his rice technology and growing techniques to China, Yuan Longping shared them with the world. He cooperated with the United Nations and the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, in addition to teaching farmers in India, Vietnam and elsewhere how to grow hybrid rice. In 2004, he was awarded the World Food Prize with rice researcher Monty P. Jones, and credited with helping “create a more abundant food supply and more stable world”. And in 2019 he was awarded the “Medal of the Republic”, China’s highest official honor, by President Xi Jinping.
1. What words do you think can best describe Yuan Longping?2. What can you learn from Yuan Longping?
【推荐2】Pasteur discovered that bacteria (细菌) cause many diseases.
How Pasteur helped industry
Louis Pasteur was born in France in 1822. He studied physics and chemistry in Paris. The wine-making industry in France was in trouble during the mid-1800s
Pasteur then discovered how to make vaccines (疫苗) to protect people and animals against disease. He observed that animals infected with a disease sometimes became immune to the disease — that is, protected from getting the disease again. Pasteur found that he could weaken germs in his laboratory. When he put weakened germs into the bodies of animals, the animals became immune to the disease caused by the germs. Pasteur made a vaccine to protect sheep against a disease called anthrax.
One of Pasteur’s most important discoveries was a vaccine against rabies (狂犬病). People can get this deadly disease
| A．Anthrax and rabies |
| B．How Pasteur prevented disease |
| C．Pasteur became a national hero in France for saving the wine and silk industries |
| D．because much of the wine was spoiling |
| E．He showed that bacteria get into living things and then multiply |
| F．Pasteur also helped the French silk industry |
| G．if they are bitten by an animal infected with rabies |
【推荐3】Recognized as "the goddess scientist"，Ning Yan（or Nieng Yan），42，is a leading biology researcher at Princeton University in the US. On April 30，she was included among 100 new members and 25 foreign associates into The National Academy of Sciences，a famous scientific institution that aims to recognize outstanding research in the US.
Yan is a rising star in the science world and her resume（履历）is impressive. After graduating from Tsinghua University and Princeton，she was invited to set up her own laboratory at Tsinghua in 2007. At age 30，she became one of China's youngest-ever female professors.
It was a long road to get where she is now. She told People magazine that she always believes that scientists need to have a pure mind and determination.
Yan likes to work at night，because she can focus when the outside is quiet. She also works at least 14 hours a day，but she's energetic，because research is the most "comfortable” job for her，according to an interview with People magazine.
This devotion to her work probably helped Yan in her research to identify the structures of proteins in cells' plasma membranes，which puzzled scientists for half a century. Her achievements got her listed among the journal Nature's Science Stars of China in 2016.
Yan also enjoys TV dramas and classic novels. Surprisingly，the novel Journey to the West inspired her to become a structural biologist. In the book，the Monkey King turns into other animals. She wondered what it would be like to change herself. Luckily. Yan now lives in that world every day，exploring how proteins work at the level of atoms. “It was almost destined（命中注定的）that I would become a structural biologist，"she said in an interview with Nature.
As she realizes her own dreams，Yan tries to encourage more women to follow careers（职业）in science. In her eyes，there is no difference between men and women in the scientific fields.
“Women can work as excellently as men and live the way they choose to，"she said in a public interview.
1. What made Ning Yan become a member of the National Academy of Sciences？| A．Her social background. | B．Her impressive wisdom. |
| C．Her first-class education. | D．Her outstanding research. |
| A．People magazine. |
| B．Journey to the West. |
| C．The journal Nature. |
| D．Science Stars of China. |
| A．scientists can win success by working at night |
| B．women can match men in scientific achievements |
| C．more women should be allowed to take up science |
| D．scientists should enjoy TV dramas and classic novels |
| A．It is never too late to learn. |
| B．Many hands make light work. |
| C．Actions speak louder than words. |
| D．Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. |
【推荐1】It’s not piano lessons or dance classes.Nowadays,the biggest extra-curricular activity in the west is going to a tutor.Pat,a mother in Canada,spends about 800 Canadian dollars a month on tutors when finding out half her daughter’s class have tutors.She feels like her child is going to fall behind because everyone else seems to be ahead.
Shelley,a mother of three,also has tutors constantly coming in and out of her home.She was always yelling when she couldn’t manage to get her children focused.When she gets a tutor once a week,they become focused for one entire hour and can get most of their homework done.
Tutoring isn’t simply a private school phenomenon.Nor is it intended only for lower-achieving students.In Canada alone,seven percent of high school students reported using a tutor in 2010.That increased to 15 percent in 2015.
Overall,parents hire tutors because they are worried school are not meeting their expectations,but there is also a culture shift.A special value is placed on education in Asia,where tutoring is viewed as an extension to the school day. As a large number of Asians emigrated to the west over the recent years,their attitudes towards education have had an influence.
Another reason for the growth in business is parental frustration and their packed schedules.A lot of parents just don’t have time to help their children with homework and some others couldn’t help their children after Grade 3,according to a president of an American tutoring company.
There has been a noticeable change in the attitudes,too.Children used to get bullied（被欺负）for having a tutor, now it’s becoming the norm to have one.
Children don’t seem to mind that they have a tutor.One parent feels surprised that so many of her child’s classmates have tutors.For the amount parents pay in tuition,children should have as much extra help children with a tutor because
| A．her children’s school is not meeting her expectation | B．over half of her children’s classmates have tutors |
| C．her children’s homework is too difficult for her | D．she had a hard time getting her children focused |
| A．7%. | B．8%. | C．10%. | D．15%. |
| A．Pat got a tutor because she can’t help her children with homework. |
| B．Shelley spends about 800 Canadian dollars on tutors every month. |
| C．Asians usually place more emphasis on education that Canadians. |
| D．Most students with the help of tutors have poor grades at school. |
a.a lot of parents are too occupied to help their children with homework.
b.children no longer get bullied for going to a tutor and getting extra help
c.many schools cannot offer as much help as their students need
d.Asians emigrating to the west have affected people’s attitude to tutoring.
| A．a,b,c. | B．a,b,d. | C．a,c,d. | D．b,c,d. |
Mother of all relationships should not be overbearing
When a controlling mother finds that her rebellious son wants to free himself from her clutches and start his own life, what happens? Well, she might just lose it and swallow him.
This happened in Bao, the Chinese-centric film that claimed Best Animated Short at the 9lst Oscar Awards. Directed by China-born Canadian director Domee Shi, Bao tells the story of a Chinese steamed bun, or baozi, that comes to life and cries like a baby just before a woman is about to eat it. The lonely Chinese housewife, whose husband is always busy with work, regards the baby baozi as her substitute son. As time passes, it grows up and decides to leave home with its blonde girlfriend. That’s exactly when the controlling mom swallows it up whole out of frustration.
The short film actually reflects the condition of the director herself and of most Chinese families.
In China, "widow-style childcare" describes many Chinese mothers’ ending in recent years. The term describes a bitter social reality: Once the child is born, the father disappears. He would work, drink all night, or do anything except help his wife take care of their child. As a result, the mother would throw herself completely into raising the child, without having a life of her own. She needs to know where her child is every moment, what he or she is doing whenever possible— even if the child has attained adulthood. She can be bossy, anxious and seemingly unreasonable. She represents many Chinese mothers of today.
Believe me, such an unnatural relationship can harm both mother and child. When one grows up, he or she may find it difficult to fit in with society. As for the mother, she would feel lonely as long as her child is not around, which may lead to depression and other psychological problems.
Then what is the best model for mothers and children to get along? I’d proudly introduce my mom. When I was a child, she cared for my safety, studies and daily life like every other mother. But her love wouldn’t drown me. After I grew up and went to college, she wouldn’t interfere in my life—because she had already taught me to distinguish good from bad. I don’t need to worry about her as she has her own life—loves yoga, cooking, and even started to learn English when she was 40. Now she hangs out with her foreign friends from time to time just like teenagers.
I believe this is a healthy mother-child relationship—as the two are independent individuals. Indeed, the mother needs to take care of her child. But instead of providing the fish, it is more important to teach one how to fish. Thus when the child grows up, both have their own life, and do not become attached to each other. A mother is not supposed to control her child for life. By doing so, she would only be pushing her son or daughter away from her because nobody wants to live in a prison made of love.
But the film has a happy ending. The woman finds that it was only a nightmare. I do hope that all mothers who lean too heavily on their children wake up from this dream, so that they would live happily ever after.
In the movie: Bao | the father | He |
the mother | She regards baozi as her substitute son. | |
the end | The frustrated mother swallowed up baozi. Luckily, it is nothing but a | |
In | the father | He tends to be |
the mother | She | |
The possible harms | for the child | It will be difficult for the child to get |
for the mother | When the child is not around, | |
Conclusion | Mothers and children should have their | |
【推荐3】An economist, Adam Smith, famously wrote that “it is not from the benevolence (慈善) of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest.” Like Smith, many economists today believe one’s self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies. Yet, in an increasingly interconnected society, it is even more crucial to have cooperative skills. Thus we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future.
Firstly, cooperation is an especially prized soft skill in the present age. As a study proves, soft skills such as good communication and empathy (共情) indicate outstanding employees as compared to technical skills or knowledge. In contrast, extremely competitive and individualistic behavior may damage social relations in the community of co-workers. Even the most competent employee may fail to pursue his goals effectively without others’ help.
Moreover, encouraging cooperation boost children’s self-respect that better prepares them for the competitive world. Many modern societies are consumed by a crazy drive for success and the pressure to perform has infiltrated both classrooms and offices, causing higher rates of anxiety and depression among people. Teamwork can help an individual realize each has his or her own unique abilities and that another person’s strengths don’t discount his or her talents. Thus, cooperation can confirm children’s self-worth by correcting the insight that winning or paper achievement is the only measure of success.
However, critics may claim adapting to competition should be given priority in education and parenting. To achieve one’s ambitions, one has to actively fight for opportunities and distinguish oneself from others. Nevertheless, since passion can already stimulate children to fulfill their ambitions, the need to encourage competition may be at the end of the day. As much as external competition can drive people to pursue excellence, internal motivation is at least equally or even more essential, and cooperation plays an instrumental role in helping one uncover one’s motivations.
1. What can be inferred from Adam Smith’s words?| A．Our society is increasingly interconnected. |
| B．Our dinner is made out of the regards to markets. |
| C．Self-interest pushes the development of economies. |
| D．The butcher, the brewer or the baker is not sympathetic. |
| A．Brightened. | B．Decorated. | C．Defended. | D．Entered. |
| A．Paper achievement is the only measure of success. |
| B．One’s ambitions can be achieved through cooperation. |
| C．Competition is not necessary for people to pursue excellence. |
| D．Actively fighting for distinguishing oneself should be prioritized. |
| A．To introduce the advantages of cooperation. |
| B．To compare cooperation with competition. |
| C．To suggest enhancing competitive skills. |
| D．To advocate teaching children to cooperate. |
