“I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Those are the words of Thomas Alva Edison, one of the greatest
Edison, who grew up in the Midwest, was
Edison was born on February 11, 1847, a day that
“Menlo Park is the birthplace of
A phonograph was the first device that was used
Dr Jian Zhou was a molecular biologist and virologist who worked with Professor Ian Frazer to develop the technology toward the Gardasil and Cervarix vaccines (疫苗),
Born in Hangzhou, China, Dr Zhou graduated from Wenzhou Medical College and went on
3 . Sarkar is a nanotechnologist (纳米技术专家) and assistant professor at MIT. She is conducting her research on brain diseases that
Born in Kolkata, India, Sarkar credits both of her parents as early
After
Along the way, Sarkar became fascinated with the
A.enrich | B.read | C.affect | D.poison |
A.birds | B.researchers | C.failures | D.inspirations |
A.aunt | B.mother | C.sister | D.grandmother |
A.working | B.pretending | C.refusing | D.waiting |
A.protected | B.switched | C.stimulated | D.supported |
A.job | B.holiday | C.discomfort | D.passion |
A.complex | B.convenient | C.peaceful | D.meaningful |
A.interested | B.honest | C.lucky | D.disappointed |
A.starting | B.carning | C.needing | D.introducing |
A.adapted to | B.related to | C.headed to | D.belonged to |
A.create | B.fix | C.operate | D.sell |
A.water | B.money | C.power | D.time |
A.Unfortunately | B.Immediately | C.Obviously | D.Eventually |
A.computer | B.brain | C.exercise | D.fashion |
A.empty | B.busy | C.relaxed | D.remarkable |
Even though Tu Youyou is not interested in fame, she has become a scientist
1. 简要说明介绍的人;
2. 钦佩的原因。
注意:1. 写作词数应为80词左右;
2. 可适当加入细节,以使行文连贯。
The Chinese Scientist I Admire Most
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 . German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity — Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn — offer an original and penetrating (犀利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular myth (谬论) of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics-and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated (阐述) the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking (引人深思的) contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925. Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
1. According to the popular view, how did Einstein create his theory?A.By generating ideas on his own. | B.By standing on giants’ shoulders. |
C.By carrying out experiments. | D.By cooperating with other physicists. |
A.With previous knowledge. | B.From the very beginning. |
C.From learning from others. | D.Up to a certain standard. |
A.Their ideas were rejected by Einstein. |
B.Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein. |
C.Their research contributed to Einstein’s success. |
D.Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect. |
A.It opens a door to physics for beginners. |
B.It gives a brief glimpse of Einstein’s legendary life. |
C.It bridges the gap between readers and the greatest minds. |
D.It offers a wider perspective to understand Einstein’s genius. |
The Nobel Prize for Literature is an famous international prize
8 . Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. His father, a doctor, had high hopes that his son would earn a medical degree at Edinburgh University in Scotland, where he was admitted at the age of sixteen. It turned out that Darwin was more interested in natural history than medicine. While he continued his studies at Cambridge, it was his focus on natural history that became his passion.
In 1831, Darwin set out on a voyage as a naturalist aboard a ship of the British Royal Navy, the HMS Beagle. The main purpose of the trip was to survey the coastline of South America and chart its harbors to make better maps of the region.
Darwin spent much of the trip on land collecting samples of plants, animals, rocks, and fossils. He explored regions in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and remote islands such as the Gal á pagos. He packed all of his samples into large wooden containers and sent them back to England aboard other large ships.
Upon his return to England in 1836, Darwin’s work continued. Studies of his samples and notes from the trip led to groundbreaking scientific discoveries. Fossils he collected led to advances in the understanding of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Darwin’s analysis of the plants and animals he gathered led him to question how species form and change over time. This work convinced him of the insight that he is most famous for — natural selection. The theory of natural selection says that individuals of a species are more likely to survive in their environment and pass on their genes to the next generation when they inherit traits from their parents that are best suited for that specific environment. In this way, such traits become more widespread in the species and can lead eventually to the development of a new species.
In 1859, Darwin published his thoughts about evolution and natural selection in On the Origin of Species. The book convinced many people that species change over time — a lot of time — suggesting that the planet was much older than what was commonly believed at the time: six thousand years.
Charles Darwin died in 1882 at the age of seventy-three. He is buried in Westminster Abbey in London, England.
1. What is the purpose of Paragraph 1?A.To show his educational level. |
B.To stress his father’s influence on him. |
C.To pave the way for his future study of nature. |
D.To introduce his family background. |
A.Boring. | B.Enthusiastic. | C.Unclear. | D.Disappointing. |
A.An animal that can pass on its genes to the next generation. |
B.An animal that can lead to the development of a new kind of species. |
C.An animal that receives its parents’ features fit for the specific environment. |
D.An animal whose parents teach it to survive from the specific environment. |
A.The process of Darwin’s voyage. |
B.All the research results in Darwin’s life. |
C.The birth of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. |
D.Darwin’s talent for studying natural history. |
9 . A Victory for Women in Economics
Economic history has long been documented through a male perspective, putting emphasis on the contributions of men and their viewpoints. For proof, just look to the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Not only are women insufficiently represented as economists, economics as a field has historically ignored the role women play in the economy.
Goldin has challenged the traditional male-centered world and turned the attention to women’s economic roles and challenges. Her Nobel recognition isn’t merely an honor for her individual achievements. It shows the world how inclusive, diverse and interconnected the field truly is.
A.Economics isn’t just the boring science — it’s a human science. |
B.Goldin’s research advocates the establishment of support systems for families to address the gender pay gap. |
C.Part of the problem is that economics is often identified with finance, banking and the stock market. |
D.It wasn’t a victory just for her but for women in the field. |
E.It’s been awarded to 90 men since 1969 — and just three women. |
F.Traditional models often oversimplified households’ decision-making processes and did not account for women’s contributions. |
10 . Richard Feynman was arguably the second best known physicist after Einstein. But she is not the only distinguished scientist in the Feynman family.
Born in 1927, Joan Feynman grew up in Queens, New York, alongside her older brother Richard. He would become Joan’s first teacher and someone who helped develop her curious nature, believing her capable of learning all the math and science he could teach her. She would try to solve math problems for the unique reward of getting to pull her brother’s hair and serving as his “lab assistant” at the age of five. For her fourteenth birthday, Richard gave Feynman a copy of Astronomy by Rebecca Horace Baker, a college-level physics text, which both taught her about physics and what was possible. Feynman credited it for proving to her that women could indeed have a career doing science.
Feynman would go on to receive a bachelor’s degree from Oberlin College, before she attended Syracuse University, studying condensed matter theory and earning a PhD in 1958. By 1960, Feynman was married with two children and she decided to take a break from physics to take on the role of homemaker.
The break was short-lived, as Feynman grew depressed from keeping a home and caring for two small children. In 1962, at the advice of a psychologist, she went in search of employment, securing three job offers at multiple institutes. At Lamont, where she worked part-time, Feynman began her research into Earth’s magnetosphere, identifying its shape.
Over the course of her career, Feynman made many breakthroughs in furthering the understanding of solar wind and its interaction with the Earth’s magnetosphere. As author or co-author of more than 185 papers, Feynman’s research accomplishments range from discovering the shape of the Earth’s magnetosphere to identifying the origin of auroras. In 1974, she would become the first woman ever elected as an officer of the American Geophysical Union, and in 2000 she was awarded NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal.
“Joan Feynman leaves a wealth of scientific accomplishments, having made important contributions,” said APS CEO Kate Kirby. “Despite being discouraged to pursue science by social expectations, she persevered, and her accomplishments serve as an inspiration to women who wish to pursue a career in science.”
1. How did Richard influence Joan?A.By preparing her for subjects in college. |
B.By introducing her to the world of science. |
C.By teaching her the importance of astronomy. |
D.By offering her a job serving as his lab assistant. |
A.All women scientists have benefited from Joan’s inspiration. |
B.In Joan’s time women were encouraged to become scientists. |
C.Pursuing scientific goals contributed to Joan’s psychological well-being. |
D.As her first teacher, Richard designed Joan’s career path as an astronomer. |
A.Successful and wealthy. | B.Optimistic and hardworking. |
C.Popular and ambitious. | D.Productive and acknowledged. |
A.Joan Feynman: Survivor of Depression |
B.Joan Feynman: Sister of Richard Feynman |
C.Joan Feynman: The Lesser-known Feynman |
D.Joan Feynman: The Most Successful Woman Scientist |