2 . Donna Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou.It’s the first time in 55 years that a woman has won this famous prize, but why has it taken so long? We look at five other pioneering female physicists — past and present — who actually deserve the prize.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Perhaps the most famous snub (冷落): the student Bell discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967, when she was a PhD student at Cambridge.The Nobel Prize that recognised this landmark discovery in 1974, however, went to her male supervisor, Antony Hewish.Recently awarded a £2.3 million Breakthrough Prize, which she gave away to help under-represented students, she joked to The Guardian, “I feel I’ve done very well out of not getting a Nobel Prize.”

Lene Hau

Hau is best-known for leading the research team at Harvard University in 1999 that managed to slow a beam of light, before managing to stop it completely in 2001.Often topping Nobel Prize prediction lists, could 2019 be Hau’s year.

Vera Rubin

Rubin discovered dark matter in the 1980s, opening up a new field of astronomy.She died in 2016, without recognition from the committee.

Chien-Shiung Wu

Wu’s “Wu experiment” helped disprove the “law of conservation of parity”.Her experimental work was helpful but never honoured, and instead, her male colleagues won the 1957 Nobel Prize for their theoretical work behind the study.

Lise Meitner

Meitner led groundbreaking work on the discovery of nuclear fission.However, the discovery was acknowledged by the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which was won by her male co-lead, Otto Hahn.

1. When was the discovery of radio pulsars recognised by the Nobel?

A．In 1944．

B．In 1967．

C．In 1974．

D．In 1980．

2. Which woman is most likely to win a Nobel Prize later according to the text?

A．Donna Strickland.	B．Jocelyn Bell Burnell.
C．Lene Hau.	D．Vera Rubin.

3. What do we know about the five females?

A．The five female scientists did greatly in chemistry.

B．Vera Rubin had opened up a new field in geometry.

C．Lise Meitner’s teacher won a Nobel Prize for her work.

D．The five female scientists haven’t been awarded Nobel Prize.

3 . Leonardo da Vinci and Nature

In the modern world, art and science are two very separate activities, but in Leonardo’s time they were closely connected. Science meant mathematics and medical studies.     1     Mathematics included practical work like surveying land for making maps as well as measuring the movements of the stars in the sky. An artist might need to measure the different parts of the body. He could also use mathematics to place things in relationship to each other in a drawing or painting so the scene looked correct.     2    

Mathematics was also connected to music because musical sounds have a fixed relationship with each other that can be described in numbers.     3     More than this, though, Leonardo believed that numbers were a part of all things in the world including music, and he said that “without them nothing can be done”.  

“Nature has kindly given us things everywhere to copy,” wrote Leonardo. In all his activities, Leonardo was trying to discover the rules that control nature. In his search for those rules, he looked very carefully at a lot of examples and details. Actual experience was more important to him than the opinion, and he worked from facts to ideas.     4     His purpose was to examine the world so he could copy it in beautiful paintings and sculptures. He also wanted to learn from the clever solutions of nature.  

    5     His quick little sketches (素描), often done while wandering outside, helped him to catch a movement or a shape. More careful drawings would be done at a desk with a pen and a ruler. In July 2001, a small drawing by Leonardo was sold for $12 million. It was the most expensive drawing in the world.

A．Mathematicians and doctors worked to discover the unknown.

B．Leonardo’s ideas were vastly ahead of his time.

C．How could these be connected with art?

D．Leonardo was always drawing.

E．Above all, Leonardo wanted to understand how and why things worked.

F．Leonardo himself was a very good musician and liked to play an instrument and sing.

G．You will see a good example of such positioning in the painting of The Last Supper.

4 . 阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

“Du Fu: China’s Greatest Poet”, a 58-minute documentary released recently on BBC, introduces Du Fu to the Western world for the first time    1     the form of documentary. In the film, Michael Wood, one of BBC’s most popular hosts, visited a number of Chinese    2     (city) to retrace Du’s steps. The documentary invited well-known British actor Ian McKellen,     3     played Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings movies,     4     (read)15 of Du’s poems that have been translated into English.

Born in 712, Du Fu lived through the violent fall of China’s brilliant Tang Dynasty. He had the desire to serve his country, but his life    5    (destroy) by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755. Of all     6     poems he wrote, 500 have been preserved over the ages. For generations he     7     (be) the guardian of the moral conscience (良知) of the nation.

The documentary compared Du to Shakespeare to help audiences     8    (well) understand the poet’s great achievements in literature. It also highlighted Chinese poetry, noting that its 3000-year-old history makes     9    the oldest living tradition in the world.

During an interview, the director even quoted a line from Du to encourage the people    10     (suffer) from pandemics (流行病).

6 . Many people criticise today’s newspapers as sensationalist, satisfying the public’s abnormal curiosity. But journalism a century ago was just as notorious (臭名昭著)．Publishers at that time routinely competed with each other for wild stories that could draw in the most readers. Meanwhile, it was an ideal atmosphere for a courageous reporter like Nellie Bly to spring into fame.

Bly, whose name was Elizabeth Cochran, had to work to make her way in the world. Different from many women of the time, however, she refused to let the working world scare her away. Her first big opportunity as a reporter came in 1885 after she wrote an angry letter denouncing the Pittsburgh Dispatch for an article it had run criticising women forced to work outside the home. The interested and excited editor hired Bly for her “spirit”, and soon she was investigating the situations of female factory workers. Bly cared less about their jobs than their lives after work — their amusements, their motivations, their fears and ambitions. She produced an article totally different from what other reporters of the time were writing: personal, thoughtful, meaningful.

By 1887 Bly had a job with the New York World, one of the leader papers of the day. She quickly became famous for undercover stories about women in a mental hospital. Soon she had investigated life as a maid, a chorus girl, and even a street girl. In her best-known brave deeds, in 1890, Bly beat the famous “around the world in 80 days” trip Jules Verne had described in his novel. Travelling by steamship, train, even ricksha, Bly reported from each stop. A spellbound nation hung on every word. Only 25, Bly had become internationally famous.

1. Bly’s first newspaper job was ________．

A．with the New York World

B．with the Pittsburgh Dispatch

C．to interview mental patients

D．to experience life of chorus girls

2. What does the underlined word “denouncing” in Para. 2 probably mean?

A．Praising.	B．Questioning.
C．Informing.	D．Condemning.

3. Which of the following best describes Nellie Bly?

A．Daring and practical.

B．Acute and confident.

C．Critical and dependent.

D．Calm and enthusiastic.

7 . Benjamin West, one of the leaders of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no such animals nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.

The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged (皮毛蓬乱的). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.

The cat’s lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamin’s cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings (版画) by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen.

In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr. Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.

In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. William Williams, a well-known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy made up his mind then that he would be an artist.

1. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggest?

A．The cat would be closely watched.

B．The cat would get some medical care.

C．Benjamin would leave his home shortly.

D．Benjamin would have real brushes soon.

2. What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?

A．He took him to see painting exhibitions.

B．He provided him with painting materials.

C．He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.

D．He taught him how to make engravings.

3. Why were Williams’ two books helpful to Benjamin?

A．Because they helped him master the use of paints.

B．Because they helped him appreciate landscape paintings.

C．Because they helped him get to know other painters.

D．Because they helped him make up his mind to be a painter.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia.

B．Williams’ influence on Benjamin.

C．The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist.

D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.

8 . 语法填空

Facing the Future

As many of us already know, having plans in place for the future is no guarantee    1    they will become reality. In this respect, some people are    2    (fortunate) than others, as can be illustrated by comparing the lives of two famous authors.

The American author, Ernest Hemingway, born in 1899, was from early boyhood single-minded in his     3     (ambitious) to write. On leaving high school, he joined a local Kansas newspaper as a trainee reporter. In his words, “I decided that I would write one story about each thing that I knew about.”    4    (set) himself this goal, he wrote novels and short stories based on his personal experiences. His short novel The Old Man and the Sea    5    (win) the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953.

By contrast, the young Arthur Conan Doyle, born in Scotland in 1859, had    6    (original) worked as a doctor. After Sherlock Holmes made him famous, Doyle gave up medicine and devoted himself entirely    7    writing. He still wanted to become known for his historical novels amongst other academic works. So he killed off the famous detective in a novel    8    (publish) in 1893. However, fans of Holmes were so angry that Doyle, under immense pressure, was forced    9    (bring) Holmes back from the dead.

Though both of these men were successful at last, their paths to success were very different. So,    10    twists and turns you might encounter, take a leaf out of the books of these two authors and be prepared for the unexpected.

9 . 语法填空

Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets, and they shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an     1     (influence) figure of their time.

In 405, Tao Yuanming     2     (quit) the service of the court for good. He spent the next 22 years until his death     3     (work) the land in a poor, rural area. From his poetry, we can learn that although his life was arduous, he succeeded in finding     4     (content) in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature.

While Tao’s return to nature was     5     reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to, Thoreau’s was a personal decision     6     (transform) the way he lived.

Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature     7     quite the same way, their works show its beauty and value.     8     takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature. Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with     9     (few) material desires. In today’s modern world, their ideas about living     10     (simple) and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well­being and fulfilment.

10 . Silvano Lattanzi, the master of made­in­Italy shoemaking, was totally conquered by a painting hung in the entrance hall of the very modern Rich Gate, the luxury district in Shanghai.

The painting, before which he knelt down to show his admiration, is the Rich Gate Rose painted by Liu Linghua, who's known as the “Chinese Van Gogh”.

It was in May 2006 that Lattanzi first met Liu Linghua who was working on his 15­square­meter great piece. Lattanzi, from the country where Renaissance began, saw the painting accidentally and was immediately impressed by its beauty. He told others that he never imagined that western oil painting techniques could be developed so well by a Chinese and that this was the best painting he had ever seen.

In the eyes of westerners, Lattanzi is a great master of shoemaking, fashion and arts. His admiration for the Rich Gate Rose well shows the high level of Liu's painting. Ever since this, the two art masters of different nationalities, different ages and different cultural backgrounds have forged a profound friendship.

When Lattanzi came back to China six months later with the pair of shoes he made for Liu, he insisted on delivering the shoes to Liu himself. The two friends met again at the Rich Gate and Liu Linghua presented an embroidery (刺绣) of his master work The Drunken Beauty in return.

Liu expressed repeatedly that his works should be explained by painting and not the words of compliments. He does not care about the titles, though he is on par with the greatest painters. A leading light or a grand master of art, Liu pays little attention to it. Liu thinks actions are more important than words.

1. What does the underlined phrase “on par with” in the last paragraph mean?

A．no better than

B．different from

C．as good/important as

D．ahead of

2. What's the right order of the following things according to the passage?
a. Silvano Lattanzi and Liu Linghua became true friends.
b. Silvano Lattanzi knelt down in front of the Rich Gate Rose.
c. Liu Linghua presented Silvano Lattanzi an embroidery.
d. Liu Linghua met Silvano Lattanzi for the first time.
e. Silvano Lattanzi came back to China and met Liu Linghua   again at the Rich Gate with the shoes he made for Liu.

A．e－d－a－c－b	B．a－c－b－d－e
C．b－e－d－a－c	D．b－d－a－e－c

3. What does Liu think of the compliments on his paintings?

A．He thinks his works are worthy of the compliments.

B．He cares much about the compliments.

C．He thinks the words can encourage him all the time.

D．He thinks the words can't well explain his works.

4. What's the best title for this passage?

A．Chinese Van Gogh

B．Friendship Between Masters

C．Western Oil Painting

D．A Shoemaking Master