【推荐1】Climate finance involves flows of funds from developed to developing nations to help poorer countries to cut their emissions(排放物) and adapt to climate change. The sources and governance of climate finance have been widely debated since the 2009 climate change summit in Copenhagen. In the meeting, industrialized countries promised to give $100 billion a year in additional climate finance from 2020. To get things going, immediate “fast­start” finance of up to $30 billion was promised until the end of 2012.

Developed countries have met their original commitment on “fast­start” finance. Over $30 billion in additional climate finance has been provided since the talks in Copenhagen. The UK has contributed ￡1.5 billion($2.4 billion) so far. But globally there is no clear path to increase support to the target $100 billion by the end of the decade, which is a concern, given that rich countries have a history of not living up to their promises of aid.

Another concern is that meeting the target so far has involved the reclassification of some existing aid flows. Classification will always be a problem, particularly when it comes to dealing with the impacts of climate change. Better education and healthcare, access to safe drinking water and improved disaster relief will all make countries more resistant(有抵抗力的) to climate change, but they are also basic development objectives.

In the early years this financial assistance was channeled through the Global Environment Facility (GEF). But over the years, developing countries have become critical of the GEF, which they see as dominated by developed countries.

The search for new institutional arrangements has therefore been an important aspect of the climate finance discussion. The outcome has been the creation of a new organization, the Green Climate Fund (GCF), which will be the main channel through which climate finance is allocated.

1. What do the figures reveal in the first two paragraphs?

A．Developed countries are taking too much time to reach the target.

B．Developed countries haven’t delivered on their promises so far.

C．Developed countries are not willing to provide climate finance.

D．Developing countries need more help from developed countries.

2. What can we learn from the passage?

A．It is easy to classify existing aid flows.

B．The GCF is dominated by developed countries.

C．Climate finance is used to help poor countries cope with climate change.

D．It isn’t good for developing countries to reclassify some existing aid flows.

3. What will the author probably talk about in the following paragraph?

A．Why developing countries need climate finance.

B．How developed countries live up to their promises.

C．How GCF was formed.

D．How the GCF organization works.

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．Advice on dealing with climate finance.

B．The effects of climate change on developing countries.

C．How developed countries cope with climate change.

D．What climate finance is and where it comes from.

【推荐2】A tiny Alaska village has experienced a boom in tourism in recent years as polar bears spend more time on land than on Arctic sea ice.

More than 2,000 people visited the northern Alaska village of Kaktovik in 2018 to see polar bears in the wild. The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat(栖息地)of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelft more bears are remaining on land to look for food.

Polar bears have always been a common sight on sea ice near Kaktovik, but villagers started noticing a change in the mid-1990s and reported to the local government. More bears seemed to stay on land, and researchers began taking note of more female bears making homes in the snow on land instead of on the ice to raise their babies. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists began hearing reports of the increasing number of polar bears in the area in the early 2000s. As more attention was given to the plight (困境)of polar bears about a decade ago, more tourists started heading to Kaktovik.

The village had fewer than 50 visitors annually before 2011, said Jennifer Reed, of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. "Today we're talking about hundreds and hundreds of visitors, many from around the world each year," Reed said. Most tourists visit in the fall, when bears are forced toward land because sea ice is farthest away from the shore, Bruce Inglangasak, a local hunter who sometimes offers wildlife-viewing tours, said he had been offering polar bear tours since 2004. Most of his clients(客户)are from China and Europe, as well as from the lower 48 U. S. states. Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels. The villagers have benefited a lot from that. In turn, they provide more effective protection for polar bears with financial support from tourism development.

1. What causes more polar bears to stay on land in Kaktovik?

A．Food shortage.	B．Climate change.
C．Habitats' movement to shore.	D．Their preference for land.

2. How did villagers feel about more sights of bears on land?

A．Excited.

B．Indifferent.

C．Concerned.

D．Doubtful.

3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．Hotels in Kaktovik are in demand in autumn.

B．Kaktovik has about 50 visitors annually.

C．Inglangasak makes a living as a tour guide.

D．Tourism affects the balance of nature.

4. Which saying can describe the text?

A．The fittest can survive.	B．After a storm comes a calm.
C．A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.	D．Every coin has two sides.

【推荐3】How northern Europeans beat the winter blues

Ask a child from northern Europe to draw two pictures—one on a rainy day and a second in the sunshine—and this is what you will get: in the first, as raindrops fall from the top of the page, the man behind the window has an unhappy expression. When a yellow sun sends out some light from the corner, the man is smiling.

Northern Europeans associate rain with sadness and sunshine with happiness. They think this is true because they are so aware of how their environment affects them.     1     In October 2008, a group of researchers examined the influence of different daily weather factors, including temperature,wind and sunlight, on 1,200 participants. The conclusion was that good or bad weather had little effect on people’s feelings.     2     A person who is upset on dark or cold days suffers from a negative mood, and he will be likely to experience a sad winter. This is the basis of an illness called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).     3     .

AniKalayjian, professor of psychology at Fordham University, advises that we should take steps to strengthen the brain’s system against weather-driven mood changes. Research on SAD has been focused on the brain’s response to darkness and light. When our eyes detect darkness, the brain gives off melatonin, which starts sleep cycles.     4     It takes over to help us wake up and feel better when we detect light.“We can encourage people to take charge of their feelings,” says Kalayjian.“We tell them to leave the computers and the indoor games and get out there in the sun.     5    ”

A day of rain can potentially destroy your plan and affect your mood. But as the Scottish comedian Billy Connolly once said:“There is no such thing as bad weather, only the wrong clothing.”

A．Another chemical called serotonin, however, can make people happy.

B．It affects about10% of the population of northern Europe each year.

C．That’s when people can recharge their serotonin and get a better mood.

D．Yet that link has no scientific basis.

E．Most studies prove that a negative feeling is associated with bad weather.

F．They determined that people actually differ in their sensitivity to weather changes.

G．It is seriously doubted among the people who suffer from SAD.