Microsoft plans to erase its entire carbon footprint since its foundation in 1975. Microsoft aims to accomplish "carbon negative" by 2030, meaning that it will erase more carbon from the environment than it emits(排放). The company will minimize carbon emissions across its entire supply chain to zero. And the following step is to clean up all the carbon emissions it has produced since 1975, when it was founded. What the company further proposed was that it would try to push for policies to price carbon and help clean energy technology develop faster. It is among the companies that approve of carbon tax.
More attention has been drawn to removing carbon from the atmosphere. There are a variety of methods toward that, including nature-based ones, like planting trees, and technological ones, like capturing carbon directly from the air.
“Microsoft will initially focus on nature-based methods like restoring degraded forests and planting new trees, ”said Lucas Joppa, the company's Chief Environmental Officer. An investment of one billion dollars will also be provided for the development of carbon removal and reduction technology. Microsoft's decision of counting its supply chain's emissions is an extension of its previous commitment to run data centers mainly on the renewable energy.
The company's intention to promote low-carbon policies was highly recognized by environmentalist. “A company's most powerful tool for fighting climate change is its political influence, and we're eager to see Microsoft use it, ”Elizabeth Sturcken, Managing Director of EDF+Business said.
Other industries are also encouraged to follow Microsoft's example. But none of them has such a commitment, according to Gary Cook, senior analyst of Greenpeace. Nevertheless, Cook, together with some other environmentalists, criticized Microsoft for continuously cooperating with oil and gas companies. Amazon's AWS service has faced the same criticism for working with fossil fuel clients.“There's a real disconnection between what they're doing within their own company and their empowering of dirty energy, ” Cook said.
1. What do we know about Microsoft In its “carbon negative” commitment?A.It will reduce its carbon emissions to almost zero. |
B.It will remove all the carbon from the environment. |
C.It plans to clean up its previously released carbon. |
D.It plans to include its clients in its future campaign. |
A.Collecting carbon tax | B.Capturing carbon from the air |
C.Exploring renewable resources | D.Funding carbon reduction technology |
A.They criticize it for its unrealistic promise. |
B.They think highly of it for its political influence. |
C.They praise it for its push for low-carbon policies |
D.They speak ill of it for its partnership with Amazon. |
A.Health. | B.Politics | C.Technology. | D.Environment. |
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【推荐1】You can see a sea turtle named Herman, an octopus (章鱼) called Octavia, and a seal named Lidia at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in Washington, D.C. Rather than real animals, they are actually artworks made out of plastic trash from the ocean.
These artworks are part of a traveling exhibit called “Washed Ashore: Art to Save the Sea”. The Washed Ashore project, led by the artist called Pozzi, works to raise awareness about plastic pollution in Earth’s oceans.
More than 315 billion pounds of plastic litter the world’s oceans today. Most of the plastic is garbage from towns and cities, as well as trash that people leave on beaches. Rainwater, winds, and high tides bring the trash into the ocean or into rivers that lead to the ocean. Once it is under the waves, the plastic begins to break up into smaller and smaller pieces.
Thousands of sea animals die each year from eating plastic bags and other things. Each year, millions more pounds of plastic end up in the ocean. A recent study found that if that continues, by 2050 the total weight of plastic will be more than that of all the fish in the ocean.
The Washed Ashore project is working to stop that from happening. Since 2010, Washed Ashore volunteers have collected 38,000 pounds of plastic trash from more than 300 miles of beaches. They helped Pozzi create more than 60 artworks of sea creatures harmed by plastic pollution.
“These artworks are a powerful reminder of our personal role and global responsibility in preserving biodiversity (生物多样性) on land and in the sea,” says Dennis Kelly, director of the National Zoo.
1. What is the purpose of the artworks shown at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo?A.To let people know about animals in the ocean. |
B.To introduce one way of recycling plastic trash. |
C.To warn people of plastic pollution in the ocean. |
D.To show Pozzi’s great gift for creating artworks. |
A.Garbage from towns and cities. | B.Trash left on beaches by people. |
C.Plastic bags broken up by waves. | D.Litter created by human activities. |
A.plastic pollution will be more serious in the ocean. |
B.more and more artworks of sea creatures will be made. |
C.the Washed Ashore project has made great achievements. |
D.volunteers can solve the ocean pollution successfully by 2050. |
A.worried. | B.supportive. |
C.doubtful. | D.unconcerned. |
【推荐2】Smog in Europe and North America could be more than 25 times more deadly than the average air pollution found in Chinese cities, a new study suggests. In the largest ever study of its kind in the developing world, researchers tested the effects of air pollution on the health of people in 272 cities in China.
They found average annual exposure to fine particles, known as PM2.5, in those cities was more than five times higher than the level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), according to a paper in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
However they also discovered that it was much less likely to increase the death rate than PM2.5 in Europe and North America.
The researchers, led by Dr Maigeng Zhou, of the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, suggested this was because China is affected by large amounts of natural dust blown by the wind from arid areas, while most pollution in the West comes from industry.
They found that for every increase of 10 micrograms of air pollution in a cubic meter of air, the mortality rate increased by 0.22 percent, discounting deaths from accidents.
Professor Frank Kelly, an expert in environmental health at King’s College London, who was not involved in the study but has studied air pollution in China, told The Independent: “Those relative risks are considerably less than those seen in Europe and the US. For mortality(死亡率) in Europe we are working on a six percent increase per 10 micrograms.” That suggests air pollution in Europe is about 27 times more toxic than average air pollution in China.
However, Professor Kelly said cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong were likely to suffer from Western-style air pollution. "The natural dust component there is not of the magnitude that it would dwarf the coal, biomass and fossil fuel signals,” he said, “That may be true in certain cities whose pollution is not dominated by local power generation or major traffic congestion.”
Natural dust particles can cause physical damage to the lungs and trigger an asthma attack. Particles of carbon produced when fossil fuels are burned can lead to similar problems but they are also coated with toxic heavy metals, chemicals and volatile organic compounds. These are able to pass from the lungs into the blood stream where it is thought they cause further damage to the body.
Areeba Hamid, an air pollution campaigner with environmental group Greenpeace, said: “Poisonous air causes damage to people’s health wherever in the world they live. We now know fumes from diesel(柴油机) vehicles are a lot more poisonous than car companies claimed and this is a big cause of air pollution in Europe and North America. These companies have a lot to answer for, but so far they’ve managed to avoid any real accountability.”
The study of cities in China found the average annual expose to PM2.5 was 56 micrograms per cubic meter, compared to the WHO guideline limit for safe air quality of 10 micrograms.
People who were older than 75, had less education or who lived in hotter places were more likely to die. It is thought people in warmer cities were more likely to spend time outside or leave their windows open, thereby breathing more polluted air, the researchers said. They also speculated that less well educated people might have poorer access to health care or experience poorer environmental health conditions.
1. Why PM2.5 in China is less deadly than that in Europe and North America?A.China is free from any pollution about PM2.5. |
B.Pollutants affecting China mainly come from arid areas. |
C.Fewer people died from PM 2.5 in China than those in Europe and North America. |
D.Europe and North America are polluted by natural dust. |
A.The average mortality rate. | B.The higher mortality rate. |
C.The lower mortality rate. | D.The normal mortality rate. |
A.Fumes from diesel vehicles are much more poisonous. |
B.The environmental agencies can’t take on responsibilities. |
C.The technology doesn’t meet the standards. |
D.Car companies can’t evaluate the results. |
A.appeal to people to lay an emphasis on environmental protection |
B.illustrate smog in Europe and North America is quite serious |
C.demonstrate China is safest place in the world to live in |
D.provide some good ways to address the smog |
【推荐3】We’re often reminded of the importance of preserving the planet as we see it for future generations—and children at St Oswald’s Primary School in Chester certainly agree.
Nine-year-old Isobel Kelleher from the school’s Hummingbirds class thinks adults need to take note.“Sometimes they can be busy and I don’t think they think they can make a difference,but if everyone does a little bit it all adds up,”she tells HuffPost UK.“We started looking at plastic pollution in our oceans and the things like plastic bags and broken down pieces of plastic that are polluting them.”she says.“Fish can eat the plastic and they can die,or we might even eat the fish ourselves.”
Mr Timms,Isobel’s teacher,has been spearheading a new project at the school which lets children loose creatively to raise awareness of the need to be more environmentally friendly.The entire Hummingbirds class,which is made up of 9 and 10-year-old pupils,has been busy writing poems and creating online video adverts to warn adults about the serious situation of our oceans and wildlife.
Mr Timms thinks children have an important role to play in teaching us how to take care of the things around us.“We sometimes overlook how much we can really learn from children.”he says.“It has been really hard to believe having parents come in saying that their children have been asking them to stop using plastic,and to recycle more,and even stopping them using plastic straws.”
Mr Timms is proud of his Hummingbirds class.“The message that they would like to send to the world is simple:stopping this isn’t someone else’s job,and it won’t be OK if we just leave it.”
1. What can we infer about adults according to Isobel Kelleher?A.They just pretend to be busy. |
B.They haven’t done their part well. |
C.They can do nothing to stop pollution. |
D.They have started to care about oceans. |
A.To help adults to learn more about their kids. |
B.To remind adults to be friendly to environment. |
C.To persuade students to stop using plastic bags. |
D.To teach students how to write poems creatively. |
A.To prove kids are creative in teaching. |
B.To attract people to support his work. |
C.To have adults care about education. |
D.To show the effects of the project. |
A.An inspiring school project. |
B.An appeal to stop plastic bags. |
C.Serious situations of our planet. |
D.Adults’ignorance of environment. |
【推荐1】Some people say that the planet is getting smaller, that there are few places left to explore, and that the age of exploration will be over soon.
I would argue instead that there has never been a greater need to explore. That’s because the stage for all exploration is the natural world, and nature is experiencing a rapid decline. It is by exploring that we understand and when we understand we develop an appreciation for what is found. Ultimately, only the things we appreciate are worth protecting.
As the golden age of exploration weakens, so does the richness of life on Earth. It isn’t just that there are fewer blank areas on the map; it is that wild places and spaces have been progressively carved up (瓜分). Visiting the Okavango Delta or Kalahari Desert, for example, no longer implies a self-supported expedition ( 考 察 ). Field stations pop up in important national parks and remote sensing by satellite becomes commonplace.
In the next century, I believe we will need larger and wilder areas. We will need the wilderness, not just for the protection of it, but because it is an important part of the ecosystems from which we gain our necessities like clean water, food and materials. If we succeed, then expeditions — brief travels into the wild that seek to answer questions, monitor populations, and inspire action — will have a renewed sense of purpose. More importantly, they greatly help the public experience, understand and appreciate nature.
Based on my own research expedition which aims to understand “edge effects”— how the changes in temperature at forest edges impact animals, I find it important that today’s scientists continue to spend time in the field. It is here that they begin to understand how seemingly unrelated environmental interactions influence their study system. Sometimes, it’s difficult to know which is important to measure until you stand out there on the forest edge.
It is the young generation that is the main force to lead the next wave of expeditions. The measure of their success will be whether there are still well-preserved wild places for expeditions in the future. Their leadership is needed now, more than ever.
1. What’s the purpose of this text?A.To suggest understanding nature by keeping exploring. |
B.To advise people not to travel to unknown places. |
C.To inform us about the reduced biodiversity. |
D.To call on the public to support the study. |
A.It is difficult for explorers to make progress. |
B.It is more accessible with the help of technology. |
C.It promotes the development of satellite technology. |
D.It requires explorers to take sufficient heavy equipment. |
A.Appear unexpectedly. |
B.Close temporarily. |
C.Develop quickly. |
D.Differ greatly. |
A.The significance of scientists’ field trip. |
B.The difficulty of carrying out fieldwork. |
C.The need to expand the edges of forests. |
D.The influence of his study on the environment. |
A.our knowledge of nature |
B.the time spent in the field |
C.the preservation of wild places |
D.the study system of young generations |
【推荐2】Volunteering means working for free to help someone else. Mrs. Obama says volunteering is very important. “It should be part of everyone’s life,” she says.
Many teens agree. They say that helping others feels great and makes a difference. These days, more teens volunteer than work for pay. Teens clean up parks, walk dogs at animal shelters, visit the elderly, and more.
Some cities, including Seattle, Chicago, and Washington D.C., require high school students to volunteer. Students must volunteer in order to graduate. The student volunteers learn new skills and help their communities.
Many parents subscribe to the idea, saying volunteering helps teens build job skills. But most teens don’t want to be forced to volunteer. They say they are busy. And they say volunteering is only fun if it’s a choice.
Read both sides of the debate and decide.
Pros:
1)Volunteering can help teens get into college or get a job;
2)Many cities and towns need help. Volunteers can help keep important programs going;
3)Not all teens will volunteer if it isn’t required. Students are demanded to have this record for graduation, and get ready for adult life.
Cons:
1)Most teens are already very busy with classes, homework, jobs, and sports. Forcing them to do more isn’t fair;
2)It should be up to each person. Helping doesn’t feel good if you must do it;
3)Finding a volunteer job isn’t always easy. Students shouldn’t be kept from graduating because of something they can’t control.
1. In Washington D.C., volunteering is ________.A.on every citizen | B.great to learn something new |
C.fairly easy to find | D.attached to high school graduation |
A.Whether it’s related to sports. | B.Whether it helps the city to move. |
C.Whether it is easily available to teens. | D.Whether it is required to graduate. |
A.show different opinions on volunteering |
B.analyze the best quality to do volunteering |
C.develop students’ determination to become volunteers |
D.list possible approaches to taking part in volunteering jobs |
【推荐3】Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is one of the largest cities in the world. It is also one of the world’s most modern cities. Twice last century, the city was destroyed and rebuilt. Thousands of people were killed and millions were left homeless as buildings fell down and fires broke out throughout Tokyo. It took seven years to rebuild the city. During World war Ⅱ, Tokyo was destroyed once again. As a result of these disasters there is nothing of old Tokyo remaining in the downtown area.
After the war, the people of Tokyo began to rebuild their city. Buildings went up at a high speed, and between 1945 and 1960, the city’s population was more than doubled. Because of the Olympic Games held in Tokyo in 1964, many new stadiums, parks and hotels were built to offer rooms to visitors from all over the world. As a result of this fast development, however, many problems have come about, housing shortage, pollution, and waste disposal (处理) have been serious challenges to the city, but the government has begun several programs to answer them.
1. What kind of city is Tokyo?A.A historic city. | B.A highly modern city. |
C.A world famous seaport. | D.A most attractive city for travelers. |
A.Heavy traffic. | B.Waste disposal. |
C.Housing shortage. | D.Pollution. |
A.An earthquake and the Second World War. |
B.The foreign occupation (占领) after the war. |
C.The population increasing between 1945 and 1960. |
D.The fast development of the city after the war. |
A.Many problems have appeared. |
B.a modern city is better than an old one. |
C.The 1964 Olympic Games helped develop Tokyo. |
D.Tokyo has developed quickly but it is faced with new problems. |