One out of every six deaths in 2019 were the result of pollution, according to a new estimate published in The Lancet Planetary Health.
The analysis, led by an international team of scientists, indicates that pollution played a role in 9 million deaths globally in 2019. This impact on health is higher than malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, drugs or alcohol.
Despite improvements made in water pollution in recent years, a rise in air and chemical pollution means the death rate has been relatively unchanged since 2015. Air pollution alone contributed to an estimated 75% of the reported deaths.
“Air pollution is similar to smoking cigarettes. It damages the lungs, preventing us from absorbing oxygen we need for life,” said Dr. Keith Martin, co-author of the paper.
Another primary concern is the growing numbers in chemical and heavy metal pollution, particularly lead poisoning. High concentrations of lead in the blood can cause problems with the heart, kidneys and cognition. This type of pollution arises from batteries and electronic waste, such as computers. According to the World Health Organization, The Lancet report’s estimates of deaths from lead and chemical pollution are in line with 2019 WHO estimates.
The U.S. and other high-income countries have made some steps to fight pollution. Many low- and middle-income countries are facing the brunt of the effects, accounting for most of the deaths reported. But experts say pollution doesn’t know borders—and pollution in one country can lead to health consequences on a global scale.
The scientists who led the recent analysis hope the report will encourage political action. Proposed avenues(途径) for change include standardizing monitoring of pollution levels, investing in research, strengthening pollution control partnerships and highlighting this issue in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Changing the use of fossil fuels—from coal, oil and gas—to clean, renewable energy sources are ways the researchers propose society could level improvements. Individually, researchers call for people to limit their carbon footprint, such as limiting meat consumption, avoiding waste, or walking or biking as a means of transport when possible.
1. What do we know about the new estimate?A.One in six deaths were due to pollution in the U.S. in 2019. |
B.Pollution played a part in millions of deaths globally in 2019. |
C.Illness has a higher impact on health than pollution. |
D.The water pollution has been improved in recent years. |
A.1 | B.2 | C.3 | D.4 |
A.Deal with batteries and electronic waste appropriately. |
B.Treat the heart, kidneys and cognition properly. |
C.Concentrate on lead highly in blood. |
D.Play with computers frequently. |
A.standardizing monitoring of pollution levels and devoting money in research |
B.strengthening pollution control partnerships and limiting meat consumption |
C.emphasizing this issue in the United States and running or riding for travel |
D.using clean, renewable energy sources and limiting carbon footprint |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Blue Planet II's latest episode focuses on how plastic is having a devastating effect on the ocean and slowly poisoning our sea creatures. Researchers recently also found that sea creatures living in the deepest place on Earth, the Mariana Trench, have plastic in their stomachs. Indeed, the oceans are drowning in plastic.
Though it seems now that the world couldn't possibly function without plastics, consumer plastics are a remarkably recent invention. The first plastic bags were introduced in the 1950s, the same decade that plastic packaging began gaining in popularity in the United States. This growth has happened so fast that science is still catching up with the change. Plastics pollution research, for instance, is still a very early science.
We put all these plastics into the environment and we still don't really know what the outcomes are going to be. What we do know, though, is disturbing. Ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine animals every year. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. One in three leatherback turtles, which often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, have been found with plastic in their bellies. Ninety percent of seabirds are now eating plastics on a regular basis. By 2050, that figure is expected to rise to 100 percent.
And it's not just wildlife that is threatened by the plastics in our seas. Humans are consuming plastics through the seafood we eat. I could understand why some people see ocean plastic as a disaster, worth mentioning in the same breath as climate change. But ocean plastic is not as complicated as climate change. There are no ocean trash deniers, at least so far. To do something about it, we don't have to remake our planet energy system.
This is not a problem where we don't know what the solution is. We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it. We know how to dispose of it. We know how to recycle. We can all start by thinking twice before we use single-use plastic products. Things that may seem ordinary, like using a reusable bottle or a reusable bag—when taken collectively really do make a difference.
1. Why is plastics pollution research still a very early science?A.The plastics pollution research is too difficult. |
B.Plastics have produced less pollution than coal. |
C.The world couldn't possibly function without plastics. |
D.Plastics have gained in popularity too fast for science to catch up. |
A.He presented statistics. |
B.He cited quotes from leading experts. |
C.He used examples from his own experience. |
D.He used the strategy of comparison and contrast. |
A.Climate change is caused by human activities. |
B.Some people cast some doubts about climate change. |
C.Climate change is less important than ocean pollution. |
D.Ocean plastic is more complicated than climate change. |
A.Ocean plastic is a global issue. |
B.Blue Planet II has left viewers heartbroken. |
C.The oceans become choked with plastic. |
D.Plastics gain in popularity all over the world. |
【推荐2】Plastic is the workhorse material of the modern economy. Light and durable, it’s been used to make a vast number of products since its introduction over 100 years ago.
However, a study carried out by the World Economic Forum, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation(基金会) and McKinsey &Company showed the breakdown of the status of the global plastic system. A full 32% of the 78 million tons of plastic packaging produced annually is left to flow into out oceans.
The Ocean Cleanup, a startup founded in 2013, is the brainchild of Boyan Slat, who came up with the idea for the company when he was just 17 years old. Since then, it has received more than $2 million in funding(基金). The company plans to use a large device that will be fixed to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. This will have arms that spread out over 100 km, getting all of the plastic garbage pushed into its nets. This is then collected by a 10,000 metrecube container that will be emptied monthly.
Most recently, the Ocean Cleanup launched a team of explorers aboard a specially refitted C130 Hercules aircraft heavily loaded with specialized sensor equipment. It discovered that the problem was worse than expected with an abundance of plastics measuring up to 1.5m across and at a higher density than previously thought. The organization will continue to pilot the device and will start removing the pile before the end of the decade.
Once the plastic is out, what should we do with it? The foundation hopes that the plastic from the ocean will have a commercial value which can help to fund the project. Ocean plastic is not easy to use, for it’s mixed with everything from intact PET bottles to microplastics. However, some of the world’s biggest companies also see the chance to market products made of ocean plastic.
Transforming today’s plastic economy from its present form (takemakewaste) to a zero waste circular economy (takemaketakemake) is a difficult challenge. However, with cooperative action from producers, recyclers, governments and consumers alike and continuing innovation, it can be done.
1. What’s Boyan Slat’s idea about?A.A way to collect ocean plastic waste. | B.A new product made of ocean plastic. |
C.A machine to recycle plastic garbage. | D.An organization to research into plastic. |
A.About 35 tons. | B.About 25 tons. | C.About 45 tons. | D.About 55 tons. |
A.It’ll sponsor the foundation. | B.It’ll be recycled by the government. |
C.It’ll be turned into treasure. | D.It’ll take the form of takemakewaste. |
A.A diary. | B.A guidebook. | C.A novel. | D.A magazine. |
【推荐3】Coca-Cola announced on Wednesday that it will begin transitioning (转变) from green to clear plastic on Aug. I to increase the material’s likelihood of being remade into new beverage (饮料) bottles. The beverage giant is committed to making 100% of its packaging recyclable by 2025 and using at least 50% recycled material in its packaging by 2030.
Sprite, an important brand of Coca-Cola, currently uses plastic bottles containg a green additive called Polyethylene Telephthalate (PET). These bottles are commonly changed into single-use items like clothing and carpeting that can’t be recycled into new PET bottles.
“Taking colors out of bottles improves the quality of the recycled material,” said Julian Ochoa, CEO of R3CYCLE, which is working with Coca-Cola to improve bottle-to-bottle recycling. “When recycled, clear PET Sprite bottles can be remade into bottles, helping drive a circular economy for plastic.”
Sprite, the popular lemon-flavored soft drink, which first hit shelves in 1961, is also getting a new logo and packaging design. Sprite’s packaging will keep the brand’s recognizable green colour and include noticeable “Recycle Me” message. Other drinks that use green bottles, including Fresca, Seagram’s, and Mello Yello, will also transition to clear packaging in the coming months.
Both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have been criticized for contributing to the world’s plastic pollution. In 2021, both companies ranked as the world’s top plastic polluters for the 4th consecutive (连续的) year by the environmental organization Break Free From Plastic. Global beach cleanups were carried out by more than 11,000 volunteers in 45 countries to identify the most common plastic polluters. Break Free From Plastic found that 20,000 Coca-Cola branded products were picked up, representing more pollution than the next two top polluters combined.
Coca-Cola announced its “World Without Waste” sustainable packaging program in 2018, in which it promised to make all of its packaging recyclable — excluding the caps and labels — as well as have at least 25% of its beverages sold in refillable packaging by 2030.
1. What’s the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To state the main idea of the text. | B.To introduce Coca-Cola’s new product. |
C.To give the news’ background information. | D.To draw people’s s attention to Coca-Cola. |
A.Their material is of low quality. |
B.They can only be changed into single-use items. |
C.They contain more pollutants than clear bottles. |
D.They are more expensive to recycle. |
A.20,000 Coca-Cola products were produced in 2021. |
B.Plastic was the most common polluter in 45 countries. |
C.The top three and four polluters made less pollution than Coca-Cola in 2021. |
D.Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were responsible for the environmental protection. |
A.Coca-Cola’s releasing new soft drinks. |
B.“Recycle Me” message on the clear Sprite bottle. |
C.Colored bottles decreasing the quality of the recycled material. |
D.Sprite retiring its signature green plastic bottles after more than 60 years. |
【推荐1】One of the most firmly established idea of manliness is that a real man doesn’t cry. Although he might shed a tear at a funeral, he is expected to quickly regain control. Sobbing openly is for girls. One study found that women cry significantly more than men do—five times as often, on average, and almost twice as long per period.
Historically, however, men routinely wept, and no one saw it as shameful. For example, in the Middle Ages, knights cried purely because they missed their girlfriends. In The Knight of the Cart, no less a hero than Lancelot weeps at a brief separation from Guinevere. There’s no mention of the men in these stories trying to restrain or hide their tears. They cry in a crowded hall with their heads held high. Nor do their companions make fun of this public crying; it’s universally regarded as an admirable expression of feeling.
So where did all the male tears go? The most obvious possibility is that this shift is the result of changes as we moved from an agricultural society to one that was urban and industrial. In the Middle Ages, most people spent their lives among those they had known since birth. If men cried, they did so with people who would sympathize. But from the 18th to 20th centuries, the population became increasingly urbanize, and people were living in the midst of thousands of strangers. Furthermore, changes in the economy required men to work together in factories and offices where emotional expressions and even private conversations were discouraged as time wasting.
Yet human beings weren’t designed to swallow their emotions, and there’s reason to believe that restraining tears can be harmful to your well-being. Research from the 1980s has suggested a relationship between stress-related illnesses and inadequate crying. Weeping is also, somewhat related with happiness and wealth. Countries where people cry the most tend to be richer and more confident.
1. In history, people considered it ________ for men to cry in public.A.shameful | B.acceptable | C.manly | D.definite |
A.By offering descriptions. | B.By analyzing effects. |
C.By making comparisons. | D.By giving definitions. |
A.Emily who is outgoing but sometimes sobs in public. |
B.Tony who lives alone and seldom expresses himself. |
C.Arthur who is under great stress but never shed a tear. |
D.Rebecca who sometimes cries but quickly regain control. |
A.Weeping Is for Women. | B.Men Don’t Cry. Why? |
C.Who Cry More? Men or Women? | D.Weeping Makes a Weak Man. |
【推荐2】Researchers have created glass by harvesting energy from wind and precipitation (降水).The approach offers an alternative to other smart windows powered by batteries, solar panels, and even standard power outlets. “The creation represents a new kind of renewable energy source”, says Liming Dai, a nanomaterial engineer at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, who was not involved in the research.
Smart glass, which changes its characteristics to block out light or heat, has been around for decades. Common examples include glare-fighting rearview (后视) car mirrors and windows that change color for energy savings and privacy. But many are expensive, and people are still looking for eco-friendly ways to power the windows. Batteries and plug-in outlets aren’t apparently “green”, and built-in solar panels can cloud or hide parts of the glass.
In experiments, the glass produced up to 130 milliwatts per square meter, enough to power a pacemaker or a smart phone while it’s asleep, the team reported online last month in ACS Nano. This output might suit many applications, such as being a power source for home or office electronics, says co-developer and scientist Zhong Wang of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. Since their first project in 2012, a light-up sidewalk powered by footsteps, he and his colleagues have miniaturized their generators to create everything from self-cleaning keyboards to sensors for security systems.
But Wang and colleagues still have more work to do before this smart glass is ready for commercialization. Now, the glass has no way to store the energy it creates. To solve this problem, Dai says, transparent supercapacitors (超级电容器) could be placed into the glass without decreasing visibility.
For now, the team wants to improve the energy efficiency of their nanogenerators. These tiny power plants can convert about 60% of the mechanical energy (机械能) that they encounter into electricity. “The output power is a constant goal,” Wang says. “Free energy is around us, and anything can happen if you take control of it."
1. What is unique about the latest generation of the smart glass?A.It is more expensive. | B.It is powered by weather. |
C.It can protect privacy. | D.It can block out light and heat. |
A.It cannot power a smart phone. |
B.It cannot suit the supercapacitors. |
C.It cannot keep its produced electricity. |
D.It cannot change its color according to weather. |
A.Transform. | B.Waste. |
C.Consume. | D.Reserve. |
【推荐3】We often hear friends ask why they should read fiction. There is so much to learn from history, from what is going on at the frontiers of science, and from contemporary studies of human behavior. Why should they spend their scarce "free time" reading fiction, the purpose of which, at best, is only entertainment?
We are disappointed about such comments. Yes, we respond, we do find pleasure in reading fiction. But we also learn much about how to best live our lives in ways that can only be captured by fiction. We recognize that some novels are entertaining, but leave no lasting impression. What makes a novel more than entertainment?
Our answer is that we don't just read great books - they read us as well. The human condition is complex and contradictory, layered like an ice-cream dessert, with flavors mixed among the layers. A great novel reflects that complexity. We may read it several times, as we do with our favorites, and each time it is like finding an old friend and gaining new insights from that friend. We put it down with new understandings of the world around us and, most important, of ourselves.
Let's look at the novel Frankenstein, written in 1818 by Mary Shelley. Frankenstein is not the monster, but a young man seeking out the secrets of the universe. He collects body parts and charges it with life. When the dull yellow eyes open, however, Frankenstein, shocked by what he has done, abandons the creature, which ultimately kills Frankenstein's brother, his bride, and his best friend.
On one level, Frankenstein is entertaining - a good horror story, though a little dated. But Shelley writes more than just that. On a deeper level, her book forces us to ask whether humans reach too far to gain knowledge that is as forbidden as the fruit of the Garden of Eden. This theme, as old as the legend of Prometheus (普罗米修斯),dominates Frankenstein. Shelley, of course, knew nothing of genetic (遗传的)engineering that happens today. She was deeply troubled by what human beings might discover about themselves, and the effects of those discoveries on society. Our reading of great literature can also be enriched by understanding the author's personal interests and anxieties.
1. How does the author feel about fiction reading?A.It is a window to a whole new world. |
B.It helps us discover the frontiers of science. |
C.It offers insight into how to live best lives. |
D.It holds some clues to understanding our memory. |
A.Because they deserve reading several times. |
B.Because they lead us to a rich and colorful life. |
C.Because they explore humans' complex reality. |
D.Because they improve the writer-reader relationship. |
A.It is based on a grand theme. |
B.It is a record of a historic event. |
C.It is merely a great horror story. |
D.It is about the legend of Prometheus. |
A.Why should we read fiction? |
B.Can novel reading last long? |
C.Read for fun or read for none? |
D.Is Frankenstein really entertaining? |