Public speaking is the act of speaking to a large group of people in a highly organized manner. Knowing the art of public speaking is very important. The ability to speak confidently and convincingly in public not only will make you stand out while in college, but also will enable you to play an active role in your workplace and community in the future. There are many occasions where you will likely be asked to give a speech, such as in a classroom presentation, at school meetings, graduation ceremonies, awards ceremonies, receptions, or wedding parties.
Public speaking often involves two major stages of work: preparation and delivering. As for the preparation, you should start with an audience analysis and decide on a speech topic and purpose. The more you know and understand about your audience, the better you will choose a topic and prepare the speech. After you analyze your audience and set a speech objective, you need to gather materials to support your idea. Examples, stories, statistics, and testimony (证明) are four major types of supporting materials. You can gather these materials from the Internet, journals, magazines, books, newspapers, or your personal experience. After you gather enough materials about the topic, you then need to organize them clearly and logically.
The language of a speech tends to be different from that of writing. In a speech, shorter and simpler words and sentences are preferred to long and complex ones so that the listening audience will understand well. Besides, in order to bring emotional responses in the audience, various kinds of rhetorical devices (修辞手法) are often employed to add power to the speech language.
To successfully deliver a speech, you need to do a lot of work as well. For example, you need to make effective use of your voice and body so as to convey your message clearly and vividly. Maybe you also need to prepare some visual (视觉的) aids such as PowerPoint to help your audience understand you well.
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How I Got Through My Hard Time
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Are You Ready for Your Exam?
So, it’s the exam time again-have you done the necessary work to get good marks? Sleeping with the textbook under the pillow(枕头) in the hope that knowledge will be magically absorbed into your brain as you sleep doesn’t work. The best strategy is to space your practice out, rather than cram(死记硬背) it all together. It means hit the books early!
In an article in the British newspaper The Guardian, Tom Stafford, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Sheffield. UK. advises: “If you organize five hours of study into one hours a day, you’ll remember more than if you study for five hours on one day.”
Don’t rely on memory alone—get pen and paper and start working. Students who can test themselves in advance will be better at getting back material from their memory and learn that material in the long run. John Dunlosky, Professor of Psychology at Kent State University in the US, suggests that “you start by reading a textbook using your favourite highlighter(荧光笔) and favourite colours, but then you go back and make flashcards of all the critical concepts and instead of just rereading those, you basically try to test yourselves on them.”
Good revision should give you confidence, but if you are still anxious, there’s no harm in indulging(放任) in a personal routine. In Japan, it seems to be a tradition for students to eat Katsudon before a test. This is a warm bowl of rice topped with egg and a deep-fried pork cutlet. The name of the dish reminds people of the word ‘katsu’. meaning ‘winning’.
For some students in South Korea, the key to success is not washing their hair before sitting an exam because they believe they could wash all the knowledge out of their head. And in different parts of the world there are always those who swear by their ‘lucky underwear’.
The bottom line is that you need to study, sleep well on the eve of the test, cat a nutritious meal, drink plenty of water and believe that your efforts will pay off. Good luck in your exam!
