In 1985, scientists reported a change in the atmosphere, a hole or thinning of ozone (臭氧) over Antarctica. Scientists were not sure what was causing.
Most scientists believe that man-made chemicals are destroying the ozone. They also have found signs of ozone loss in other parts of the atmosphere.
Ozone is found both in the air we breathe and in the upper atmosphere. Near the earth, ozone in the air is a danger to life. It is a waste product. But ozone found 10 to 50 kilometres up in the atmosphere protects life on earth. Ozone forms in the atmosphere through the action of solar radiation (太阳辐射). Once formed, the ozone blocks harmful radiation from reaching the earth. Scientists say a reduction in ozone and an increase in the harmful radiation will cause many more cases of skin cancer and will harm crops, animals and fishes.
The report said it is about 8 degrees colder 15 kilometres above earth than it was in 1979. Scientists think the first loss of ozone reduces the amount of solar energy the atmosphere can take in. This cools the atmosphere, increases ice cloud production and leads to more ozone loss.
Scientists found signs the ozone problem has spread. The study shows that the loss of ozone over the areas with larger population in North America and Europe was at least three times greater than scientists had thought. The ozone levels reduced much more seriously during winter months than in warmer months. This is not surprising because the amount of ozone in the atmosphere changes with the temperature.
An international effort is being made to stop the loss of ozone in the atmosphere. But many experts fear that the effort will not produce results fast enough to prevent harm to life on the earth.
1. The passage is mainly about ______.A.a change in atmosphere |
B.the solar radiation |
C.the ozone problem |
D.a hole in Antarctica |
A.Ozone in the atmosphere is a danger to life. |
B.Since ozone in the air is harmful to life, the less ozone in the atmosphere the better. |
C.Ozone is a kind of man-made chemical product. |
D.The ozone up above us can stop harmful radiation from getting to the earth. |
A.the scientists have done a great deal to stop the earth getting warm |
B.the temperature in 1979 was much colder than it is now |
C.ozone holds solar energy and helps atmosphere take it in |
D.successful efforts have been made to stop the loss of the ozone |
A.draw people’s interest in atmosphere |
B.call the public attention to ozone problem |
C.help people to know the change in air |
D.tell people some information about atmosphere |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Amazon’s chief executive officer, Jeff Bezos, refused to address employees’ demands that the company take action on the climate crisis at its annual shareholder meeting.
About 50 members of the group Amazon Employees for Climate Justice attended the event, representing 7,700 staffers who signed a letter publicly urging Amazon to change its climate policy. Employees put forth a proposal (提议) at the meeting requesting a public report on climate change from Amazon’s board (董事会) of directors. The board suggested shareholders vote against it, and it was not passed.
After the proposal failed to pass, employees attempted to meet Jeff Bezos, who refused to meet with them.
“Jeff remained off-stage, ignored the employees and would not speak to them. Jeff’s inaction and lack of meaningful response indicated his dismissal of the climate crisis,” the group said in a statement after the event.
At a press conference following the shareholder meeting, the employees suggested Amazon should put forth a timeline for reaching a zero emission (排放) goal.
“Amazon has the scale and resources to spark the world’s imagination and lead the way on addressing the climate crisis. What we’re missing is the leadership from the very top of the company,” said Jamie Kowalski, a software engineer who co-filed the resolution and attended the shareholder meeting.
The proposal noted that other tech giants have released reports on their contributions to climate change and have committed to addressing concerns. Microsoft has been carbon neutral (碳中和), meaning it balances its carbon emissions with carbon removal. Google has been carbon neutral since 2007.
A spokesman from Amazon confirmed that none of the shareholder proposals outlined ahead of the vote were passed, including the request for a report on climate change. The employee group said in the press conference that the board’s standpoint on the proposal made it difficult to pass. They said they would continue to pressure Amazon.
1. Why wasn’t the proposal from employees passed?A.The board wasn’t in favour of it. |
B.They didn’t provide all the details. |
C.Some workers didn’t sign their names. |
D.They didn’t seek Jeff Bezos’ approval first. |
A.Having curiosity. | B.Having confidence. |
C.Lack of attention. | D.Lack of experience. |
A.Confused. | B.Unconcerned. |
C.Supportive. | D.Disappointed. |
A.To show other companies have taken action. |
B.To show Amazon will follow other companies. |
C.To show all companies are facing great pressure. |
D.To show big companies care less about the environment. |
【推荐2】Researcher Ruijia Hu said wildlife habitat in crowded places like south went Ohio is becoming increasingly fragmented (分散) as forests give way to new construction. Eventually, this could make trouble to an animal with specific habitat needs like Ohio’s pileated (红冠) woodpecker.
Pileated woodpeckers have the nickname carpenter birds for their never-ending natural woodworking. They peck out holes in trees for their nests every year, creating lots of valuable homes for animals like fox squirrels and owls. “They make new nests every year. They won’t reuse old ones,” Hu said. “Other animals depend on them.”
Pileated woodpeckers are private birds that are more often heard than seen. Studying them can be especially difficult. So Hu turned to citizen science for help. To identify where woodpeckers have been seen, she used eight years of sightings collected by birders and logged into the website eBird, a free online tool and app that anyone can use to record their observations and locations. She overlaid these sightings with remote sensing data and found that corridors along rivers and creeks with abundant mature trees and deadwood helped the birds adjust to their increasingly fragmented urban landscape.
“With fragmented forests, many habitats that were once suitable for wildlife are broken up,” Hu sa id. “Wildlife is unable to find habitat big enough to meet their survival needs. And even if there are suitable habitats, the distance between them can be too great. Wildlife corridors link up these habitat patches. Since wildlife can travel and migrate from one patch to another, the probability of finding food and shelter is higher.”
“There are so many species in urban areas that we don’t pay attention to, especially when they’re not considered vulnerable,” Hu said. “With development chipping away at more forest in this crowded county, the tipping point (临界点) could come quickly and unexpectedly. You can’t fix it overnight. It’s not just about planting more trees. The birds need mature forest, so it could take 30 to 50 years to replace their habitat. At least we can protect these riverside forest corridors and see that existing trees reach maturity.”
1. What can we infer from the second paragraph?A.The magpie’s nest is occupied by the dove. |
B.Birds abandon the old for the new easily. |
C.Friendship really exists among animals. |
D.One’s trash is another treasure. |
A.The effect of Hu’s study on birds. |
B.The process of Hu’s research. |
C.The difficulty Hu had in his study. |
D.The application of technology. |
A.Helping them survive in the fragmented landscape. |
B.Making them adjust to deadwood quickly. |
C.Providing them with enough food for survival. |
D.Ensuring them a stable and safe habitat. |
A.One tree doesn’t make a forest. |
B.Be wise after the event. |
C.Prepare for a rainy day. |
D.Take things as they come. |
Your Food Choices Affect the Earth’s Climate
Every action has a cost, even for growing food and delivering it to your dinner plate. A team of researchers has found that meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains. Their calculations suggest that people could do a lot to slow global warming if they limited how much meat they eat.
There are plenty of “costs” of food. As to the visible costs, people pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. However, producing foods also takes resources,for example,the water used to irritate (灌溉)crop fields or the fertilizer and chemicals used to promote plant growth and fight pests.
Peter Scarborough at the University of Oxford in England decided to calculate some of the less-visible pollution created by food production. His team focused on greenhouse gases emitted through the production of our food, including carbon dioxide(CO2),methane(甲烷) and the nitrous oxide. All three gases are important. While CO2 is the greenhouse gas released in the highest volume, methane and nitrous oxide stay in the atmosphere far longer than CO2 does. As such, they are more powerful in warm the earth’s atmosphere.
They used a computer to change the methane and nitrous-oxide emissions for each person’s diet into its carbon dioxide “equivalent.”That’s the amount of CO2 needed to warm Earth’s atmosphere by the same amount as the methane or nitrous oxide would.
As for the calculations of the carbon dioxide “equivalent(等量)”, in the 1990s, a survey asked65,000 adults what they typically had eaten throughout the past year. Scarborough’s team fed those data into a computer and then included the amount of green house gases linked with producing nearly100 common foods. Then the computer matched those green house-gas amounts to the mix of foods each person had reported eating.
It shows that the diet of someone whose meals included an average of 50 to 99 grams of meat each day would be responsible for the daily release of 5.6 kilograms of CO2 equivalent while those vegans had the lowest diet-linked greenhouse-gas emissions (2.9 kg of CO2 equivalent).
Its authors conclude that reducing the intake of meat and other animal-based products can make a valuable contribution to climate change reduction. And compared to meat, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources. In places where many people are going hungry, raising meat may make it harder to ensure that everyone gets enough to eat.
1. What are the visible costs of food mentioned in the article?2. According to the author, why can our food choices affect the earth’s climate?
3. Please underline the inappropriate part in the following statement and explain why.
Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food.
4. Apart from food choices, are there any other ways for you to protect the environment? List two or more.
【推荐1】“You’ll get square eyes!” my mother used to say as I sat for hour after hour glued to the TV. I ignored her, of course. Past-forward a few decades and now I’m the parent. My 5-year-old lives in a world where screens aren’t fixed pieces of furniture. You can’t even avoid them by going outside. Screens are not only in our pockets; they’re everywhere.
The concerns have grown with the screens. In the past decade, we have heard that they will damage our mental health. Many of us feel more distracted by them, feeling guiltier and more tired as a result.
The apps and websites we can access on our phones have also sparked widespread concern. Big tech companies are also good at making use of our need for social recognition, hooking us on likes, retweets and follower counts. Social media has created a culture of mass narcissism (自恋), which has led many to worry about the emotional stresses on teenagers. A quick online search brings up dozens of papers linking screen use or social media with harmful effects on mental health, including depression and suicide.
Such statements are alarming. They are also widely believed, thanks to popular books like iGen by Jean Twenge, which claims that digital technology has ruined a generation. Yet, Amy Orben at the University of Oxford, who studies the impact of digital technology and social media in particular on mental health, holds different views. She claims that the underlying data can be used to tell different stories. She also spotted shortcomings in several large studies that claimed to show correlations (相关性) between the use of devices with screens and depression in users.
Twenge stands by her own finding, pointing in turn to what she considers flaws in Orben’s research methods. For David Max, at Royal College of Child Health in London, the effect of screen time and social media use on mental health remains speculative. “We cannot regard social media overall as good or bad,” says Davie. “We don’t know whether in individual cases social media is not responsible,” he says.
The explosion of mobile phone use has revolutionized our lives. I can download movies, write articles, communicate with my family and broadcast to the world all at the push of a button. Rather than impose constraints (限制), we should take a look at our use of screens and ask how they fit with the activities and lifestyle.
Every new technology with widespread impact has given rise to new fears. So the best bet may simply be to ask yourself what level of screen use makes you and those around you happy and try to stick to it. If you find yourself over addictive, don’t panic—and certainly don’t feel guilty. Nobody knows anything worth getting scared about.
1. According to the passage, people give likes, retweet or count followers to __________.A.share one’s lifestyles | B.show respect for others |
C.seek social recognition | D.relieve emotional stresses |
A.doubtful | B.specific |
C.important | D.abstract |
A.Teenagers are more affected by screen use both physically and mentally. |
B.Orben claims it is far too early to blame screen use for ruining a generation. |
C.Big tech companies help to produce many research papers on mental health. |
D.Twenge mainly introduces the overall benefits of digital technology in her books. |
A.encourage readers to reduce the time of screen use |
B.share different opinions on the effects of screen use |
C.explain why screen use may have negative effects on people |
D.relieve people’s concerns and worries about the use of screens |
【推荐2】If a president, a philosopher, and ,and one of the best-selling authors of all time praised the same secret for their success, would you try to follow it too? In fact, you probably do it every day. Here's what Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “It is only ideas gained from walking that have any worth." Thomas Jefferson:“Walking is the best possible exercise. Adapt yourself to walking very far." I totally agree that this habit isn't a habit but a necessary factor of creative process.
Are you still sitting there reading this? Get walking!
The movement aspect of walking is obvious key.You've probably heard the phrase- exercise your creativity, which refers to the brain as muscle.Our creative mindset(思维模式) is triggered(触发)by physical movement, which is exactly why walking-with your dog, a friend, or alone-helps creative thinking.Researchers have discovered a lot of connections between walking and producing ideas.A Stanford University study found that participants(参与者),were 81% more creative when walking as opposed to sitting.
Besides, the scenery is almost as important as the sweat. Walking can be a catalyst for gaining fresh understanding of problems. Just by going outside,you are stepping out of your familiar surroundings and your comfort zone, which is necessary if your want to open your mind to new possibilities.You can walk through a tree-filled neighborhood. You can walk through a park and observe people hanging around or birds singing. Even when you walk down a busy street,you can't help but notice the sweet smells flowing from a food cart or the child pointing to a building you hadn't even paid attention to before.
Finally, our brains work harder to process in different environments, so walking outside strengthen our ability to collect new ideas, to take in new sights, sounds and smells."Forest bathing",is a common form of relaxation and medicine in Japan.Recent studies show that being in the forest Towers your stress levels. The effects are so powerful that "Forest bathing" is now a government-proved policy in Japan., But you don't have to live near a a forest to receive the psychological(心理的)benefits.Research has shown that immersion(沉浸)in nature,and the disconnection from multimedia and technology increase performance on a creative problem-solving task by a full 50%.
So instead of setting a fitness goal, why not set a creativity goal that starts with walking, Engage more closely with your surroundings.Turn off your phone and give yourself the chance to hear conversations and natural sounds, to notice the way people move ,the way the sun reflects in a puddle.Walk not just for exercise. Walk for wonder.
1. Why does the author mention what the two famous men said in Paragraph 1?A.To provide basic information. |
B.To show the author's attitude. |
C.To introduce the topic. |
D.To present some reasons. |
A.Promoter. | B.Cure. | C.Hope. | D.Must. |
A.Taking a bath in the forest is relaxing and medically beneficial. |
B.Walking in the woods is an effective way to get light-hearted. |
C.The Japanese government encourages everyone to live near a forest. |
D.Keeping away from multimedia and technology can greatly improve your creativity. |
A.Setting a fitness goal. |
B.Solving problems creatively. |
C.Walking for creativity. |
D.Exploring new possibilities. |
A.Benefits of walking in nature. |
B.Secret to success of famous men. |
C.Ways of building up your creativity. |
D.Keys to stepping out of the comfort zone. |
【推荐3】Black taxis have been a common sight in London for decades. Now these taxis and their drivers have become the focus of a new exploration into Alzheimer’s. For those on the outside, it may seem that behind the wheel of these black taxis are just regular people who help move us to our destinations. But hidden within their brains is a map of London’s streets that has put GPS technology to shame for decades.
“The Knowledge”, the test for London’s taxi drivers, stands among the hardest mental examinations one could ever undergo. It involves recalling information repeatedly from the memory of minute details about between 25,000 and 56,000 streets in London, depending on who’s taking the test, from Trafalgar Square to the tiniest residential lanes.
Normally, the hippocampus (海马体) feels the effects of Alzheimer’s most. University College London and Alzheimer’s Research UK are studying these taxi drivers’ brains, as it has been found that the hippocampus controlling the brain’s short-term memory and spatial memory systems is enlarged in their brains. Moreover, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi continue to enlarge as they go on doing the job for more years, suggesting that perhaps there’s something we can do to reproduce the effect in the general population.
Lead researcher Hugo Spiers was part of the team which 20 years ago found that, like birds and squirrels, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi gradually got bigger. Indeed, research has found for years that any animal that requires a detailed spatial knowledge of their territory (领地) experiences growth in the hippocampus.
Spiers’ team hopes to deal with Alzheimer’s by studying the taxi drivers’ brains, since the hippocampus becomes smaller with the progression of Alzheimer’s. To collect more information on the mechanisms that cause the “brain gain”, Spiers has asked thirty of London’s taxi drivers connected to an MRI machine to drive around on their routes. The machine will allow the researchers to gather real-time observations of the workings of the hippocampus. “It’s been a joy to help scientists fight with the disease,” said taxi driver Robert Lordan.
1. What can we say about “The Knowledge”?A.It lasts for a few minutes only. |
B.It is usually held in London’s busy streets. |
C.It is a great challenge to people’s memory. |
D.It invites some residents in London to be judges. |
A.They are more likely to be harmed. |
B.They grow in the taxi drivers’ careers. |
C.They benefit from daily communication most. |
D.They are poor at controlling short-term memory. |
A.To imply the new study benefits the animal kingdom as well. |
B.To point out that more studies on animals’ brains are needed. |
C.To show animals’ hippocampi are very different from humans’. |
D.To prove the use of certain knowledge influences brain development. |
A.decide who has the largest hippocampus |
B.know how Alzheimer’s develops in their brains |
C.find out how their hippocampi perform at work |
D.test whether the special machine is effective |