【推荐1】Do you think an individual can make a difference? Ask Rossano Ercolini, the Goldman Prize winner, which is considered the Nobel Prize for “   ___”. Eroclini is a young   ____ in a small town in Italy. After   ____ the news of reducing waste on the radio, he decided to teach his students to   ____ paper and replace plastic water bottles in the school lunchroom with   ____glasses.

When his town announced plans to open an incinerator to burn waste, Ercolini knew it would be   ____ to his students. Incinerators are huge heaters that burn all waste and poisonous materials, leaving behind   ____. You might think it is   ____ than sending waste to landfills. It is true that landfills   ____ space, smell bad, and that poisonous materials can make underground drinking water   ____ to use. But incinerators have their own   ____. Burning will   ____ poisonous gases into the air, causing breathing problems. People will have to wear a mask     ____ they go out. The smoke also causes pollution, and even   ____ the greenhouse effect.

Ercolini was worried about the   ____ of his community and felt it was his duty to   ____them. He organized town meetings and talked about how to reduce, reuse and recycle.   ____, Ercolini has advocated the zero-waste movement, the   ____ of which is to reduce the waste to the least possible amount. He has already   ____ plans for more than 50 incinerators in many Italian cities.   ____ his efforts, there are more than 100 zero-waste towns in Italy now!

【推荐2】Communication, One Major Part of the Scientific Method

Scientists may feel it their duty to share their guesses, methods, and findings with the rest of the scientific community. This sharing serves two _______. First, it supports the basic deal of skepticism(怀疑论)by making it possible for others to say, “Oh, yeah? Let me check that.” It tells others where to see what the scientist saw, and what techniques and tools to use. Second, it gets the word out so that others can use what has been discovered. This is essential because science is a(n) _______ efforts. People who work thousands of miles apart build with and upon each other’s discoveries.

The communication of science begins with “peer review”, a process of _______ an author’s scholarly work, research or ideas to the inspection of other experts. It typically has three stages. The first occurs when a scientists seeks funding - from government agencies, foundations, or other _______ -- to carry out a research program. He or she must prepare a report describing the intended work, laying out background, hypotheses(假设), planned experiments, expected results, and even the _______ impacts on other fields. Committees of other scientists then _______ the report to see whether the scientist knows his or her area, has the necessary abilities, and is realistic in his or her plans.

Once the scientist has the needed _______, has done the work, and has written a report of the results, that report will go to a scientific journal. Before publishing the report, the journal’s editors will show it to other workers in the same or _______ fields and ask whether the work was done adequately, the conclusions are justified, and the report should be published.

The third stage of peer review happens are publication, when the broader scientific community gets to see and _______ the work.

This three-stage quality-control process can, of course, be faulty. Any scientist with independent wealth can ________ the first stage quite easily but such scientists are much, much rarer today than they were a century or so ago. Those who remain are the object of envy. ________ , it is fair to say that they are not disapproved as were those who avoid the latter two stages of the “peer review” mechanisms by using press conferences.

On the other hand, it is certainly possible for the standard peer review mechanisms to ________. By their nature, these mechanisms are more likely to ________ ideas that are not different from what the reviewers think they already know. Yet the un-traditional or unconventional ideas are not ________ wrong, as Alfred Wegener proved when he tried to gain ________ for the idea of continental drift in the early twentieth century. It was not until the 1960s that most geologists accepted his ideas as genuine insights.

【推荐3】Now at some level, all moms and dads know they shouldn’t yell at kids. But if you don’t ________ or talk angrily, how do you discipline (管教)?

For thousands of years, the Inuit have ________an ancient tool: storytelling. Designed to improve kids’ behaviors and sometimes ________save their lives, oral stories are passed down from one ________ to the next. For example, how do you teach kids to ________the ocean? Instead of ________, “Don’t go near the water!” Inuit parents take a unique ________and tell kids a special story about what’s inside the water.

________, those stories seemed to me too scary for little children. And my initial reaction was to ________ them. But my opinion changed after I watched my own daughter’s response to ________tales — and after I learned more about humanity’s complex relationship with storytelling.

Oral storytelling is what’s known as a human ________ . For tens of thousands of years, it has been a key way that parents teach children about values and how to ________. Modern hunter-gatherer groups use ________ to teach sharing, respect for others and conflict avoidance. With the Agta, a hunter-gatherer population of the Philippines, good storytelling skills are ________ more than hunting skills or medicinal knowledge.

Today many parents outsource their oral storytelling to screens, which also ________. We learn best through things that are ________ to us. And stories, by their ________, can have lots of things in them that are much more interesting in a way that bare ________ don’t. Stories with a dash of danger ________ kids like magnets (磁石). And they turn a tension-ridden activity like disciplining into a ________ interaction. So, don’t discount the playfulness of storytelling