What Is Particulate Matter?
There are things floating around in the air. Most of them, you cannot even see. They are a kind of air pollution called particles or particulate matter. In fact, particulate matter may be the air pollutant that most commonly affects people’s health.
Have a Look.
Particles can come in almost any shape or size, and can be solid particles or liquid droplets.
BIG.
The big particles are between 2.5 and 10 micrometers (from about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair). These particles are called PM 10 (we say “PM ten”, which stands for Particulate Matter up to 10 micrometers in size).
SMALL.
The small particles are smaller than 2.5 micrometers (100 times thinner than a human hair).
The smaller particles are lighter and they stay in the air longer and travel farther. PM 10 (big) particles can stay in the air for minutes or hours while PM 2.5 (small) particles can stay in the air for days or weeks. And travel?
Particulate Matter and Your Health.
Both PM 10 (big) and PM 2.5 (small) particles can cause health problems, specifically respiratory (呼吸的) health. When you breathe, you take in the air along with any particles that are in the air, like heavy metals and cancer-causing organic compounds.
A.These particles are called PM 2.5. |
B.We divide particles into two major groups. |
C.These particles cause less severe health effects. |
D.Air pollution is a growing problem in the whole world. |
E.PM 2.5 can have worse health effects than the bigger PM 10. |
F.PM 10 particles can travel as little as a hundred yards or as much as 30 miles. |
G.Both visible and invisible air pollutants have great effects on our environment, our health, and the quality of our lives. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Human activity emits far less methane(甲烷) than carbon dioxide, but methane has a bigger impact on the earth. Over the course of 20 years, a ton of the gas will warm the atmosphere about 86 times more than a ton of CO₂. As a result, methane has been responsible for 23% of the rise in temperatures since pre-industrial times. Carbon dioxide gets most of the attention, but unless methane emissions are limited, there is little hope of stabilizing the climate.
Unfortunately, methane emissions have been anything but stable. After briefly pausing in the early 2000s, atmospheric concentrations of the gas started rising again in 2007. A global inventory (清单) concluded last year, found that humans were largely to blame. Chief among the reasons for the rise are the gassy output of livestock farming, rice cultivation and the fossil-fuel industry. Agriculture and energy each make up roughly one-third of annual methane emissions.
By how much do methane emissions need to fall? Carbon dioxide lingers in the atmosphere for centuries, making it hard to reduce its atmospheric concentrations. By contrast, methane has a half-life of roughly ten years, which means that it degrades quickly. If new emissions can be cut to below the rate at which old emissions reduce, the concentration of methane lingering in the atmosphere will soon fall, slowing global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that, to keep temperatures between 1.5°C and 2°C above pre-industrial levels, human methane emissions must drop to 35% below where they stood in 2010 by mid-century.
Politicians and the public tend to worry about carbon-dioxide emissions but neglect the effects of cutting methane. But dealing with the gas would have a large effect rapidly and at relatively low cost. Governments are supposed to firm up their commitments to cut emissions under the Paris agreement. It should go further and include a specific target for methane.
1. What does the text mainly argue for?A.Methane emissions should be taken seriously. |
B.Atmospheric concentrations of methane will soon fall. |
C.Methane is mainly responsible for the rise in temperature. |
D.Human activities were largely to blamed for the global warming. |
A.We’ve produced 86 times more carbon dioxide than methane. |
B.Carbon dioxide takes up 23% of the responsibility for global warming. |
C.Methane emissions have been rising dramatically since the early 2000s. |
D.Carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for a long time while methane degrades quickly. |
A.The rising temperature. |
B.Agriculture and energy. |
C.Rapidly developing industry. |
D.Atmospheric concentrations of methane dropping slowly. |
A.Dealing with methane emissions will cost a lot. |
B.Carbon dioxide emissions is no longer a serious problem. |
C.Cutting methane emission is against the Paris agreement. |
D.Governments should do more to reduce methane emissions. |
【推荐2】Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.
Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露) to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风) within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of :he research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物) were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) considers to be of “moderate” (良好) quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.
The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively (相对地) small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulations by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.
1. The text mainly discusses the relationship between ________.A.heart problems and exercising |
B.heart problems and smoking |
C.heart problems and fatty food |
D.heart problems and air quality |
A.Relatively high. | B.Relatively low. | C.Too low. | D.Too high. |
A.Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made. |
B.Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart. |
C.The EPA did many studies on air quality. |
D.Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking. |
A.introduce | B.describe | C.entertain | D.persuade |
【推荐3】XI’AN — China has introduced various emergency responses and long-term measures against air pollution in the central and eastern regions.
The air quality index (AQI)) for Xi’an reached 500 on Wednesday afternoon, at the top of the AQI scale, according to the national air quality monitoring website. Xi’an weather forecasters predict the smog will continue for the next week and air pollution may worsen.
“I have to keep buying masks for my family,” said Liu, buying masks at a pharmacy (药店) near her home in downtown Xi’an. “This is the only thing we can do to protect ourselves.”
On Wednesday, a city government emergency response plan was put into action, suspending all construction and taking at least 50 percent or government vehicles off the road. Power plants must limit their output and reduce emissions.
Nearly half the country, more than 100 cities in 20 provinces, has suffered from smog since last December. Many have taken action, including experimenting with artificial methods to reduce smog, limiting vehicle use and fining polluters.
Assessments based on GDP alone were abandoned last month and more emphasis has been put on public well-being and the environment. Whether the move will be effective or not in forcing the local governments to consider environmental issues over economic growth remains to be seen. Environmental protection professionals are doubtful about the immediacy of the effects of these measures.
Xiao Hang, an urban researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said it took London 50 years to lose the moniker (绰号) “foggy London town”, and Los Angeles still struggles to control its photochemical (光化学) smog. “We can’t ignore environmental problems during the development process and China has a long way to go,” he said.
1. What’s the main idea of the article?A.AQI for Xi’an reached 500. | B.Dust masks become hot sellers. |
C.Smoggy Chinese cities are to clear the air. | D.Smog crisis tries the limits of people’s patience. |
A.encouraging | B.stopping | C.continuing | D.expanding |
A.Xi’an was the most polluted city in China. |
B.China is the only country suffering from smog. |
C.Assessments based on GDP alone were harmful to environmental protection. |
D.Environmental professionals believe the air quality will soon be improved with these measures. |
A.the development of China is more important |
B.solving environmental problems requires great efforts |
C.it’s normal for China to have environmental problems |
D.London still has serious air pollution after 50 years of efforts |