For many centuries, the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands was protected by a defensive wall and canal (运河). But over time, the wall began to fall down. The area was then transformed (转变) into a park surrounding the city center. As for the canal, a plan was set forth to transform it into a new ring road. Since the community reacted strongly against the proposal, the ring road was never built.
In 2002, the local community wished to recover the canal. This began a long-term restoration project for the park and canal, which was designed in partnership with Utrecht’s residents and OKRA Landscape Architects. The specific part of the canal that was under restoration is called the Catharijnesingel. The project was made up of a 1,100-meter-long stretch, and required about 40,000 cubic meters of water to refill the canal.
OKRA’s design for the new layout of the canal and park features three main interventions (干预措施). Firstly, the park forms a buffer (缓冲带) between the residential and commercial areas of the city. It promotes interaction with nature by providing citizens with green and blue spaces that provide relaxation. This includes space to run and exercise in the park and row and paddleboard in the canal. Further, the dock (码头) along the waterfront is the perfect connection between the green and blue zones.
The redesign of the Catharijnesingel also promotes traffic flow. Pedestrians (行人) are the top choice, and they are given their own paths where possible. Meanwhile, a new walking track has been set up along the canal. It leads exercisers through the park, alongside various art installations (雕塑装置) and seating areas, and provides visitors with views of the city. Furthermore, the landscape architects included design elements from the original landscape architect, J. D. Zocher, to create a public space that bridges its historical design with the city center.
In addition, OKRA included strategies to promote biodiversity. By introducing a variety of adaptive plant species, the park has become a home for small animals, birds and insects within the city. Through their interventions, OKRA transformed the historic site into a healthy space where humans and other organisms co-exist peacefully.
1. What made the plan to change the canal into a road fail?A.Shortage of money. |
B.Its possible harm to nature. |
C.The disagreement from the community. |
D.The difficulty in preserving its historic features. |
A.It is human-centered. |
B.It features traditional local culture. |
C.Mechanical equipment is widely used. |
D.Eco-friendly materials are used. |
A.Costly. |
B.Debatable |
C.Commercial. |
D.Successful. |
A.To promote harmony between man and nature. |
B.To introduce a restoration project. |
C.To show ways to transform a city. |
D.To tell the history of a canal. |
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【推荐1】Fast fashion has been sweeping the whole world for its accessibility and price. However, these quick and easily accessible clothing brands aren’t as safe as they appear. As fast fashion grows, so does the environmental influence it leaves behind. Fast fashion brands search for the cheapest and fastest way to keep up with the latest trends, and many clothing items require large amounts of cotton, nylon and polyester (聚酯纤维). These materials may appear safe to the eye, but they have a greater impact on the environment than most people believe.
Cotton is the most profitable non-food crop in the world. The cotton industry makes up 7% of all labor in developing countries. Cotton, however, is not very safe for the environment once it’s mass-produced for clothing. Cotton planting, the process of putting the leaves of the cotton plants under the soil to grow new cotton, actually destroys the quality of the soil in which it is grown. Cotton production usually includes the use of fertilizers and pesticides, which not only pollute the soil, but also the water through polluted runoff.
Nylon, unlike cotton, is a fully synthetic (合成的) material. It is the first fabric (布料) to be made fully in a laboratory. Nylon is not biodegradable (可自然降解的) and its production is an energy-wasting process that creates unsafe gases and sends them into the atmosphere.
Polyester is made out of petroleum. This fabric is one of the world’s most popular and cheapest fabrics to make. Its whole production process sends unsafe gases into the air. Besides, once the polyester clothing is made, washing it sends microfibers into the environment, specifically in waterways. So polyester is considered one of the most perilous materials to the environment.
Despite various companies making clothing out of unsafe materials, it’s up to you to put a stop to it. Try shopping for more environmentally friendly materials. And when it’s time to get rid of old clothes, don’t throw them away. Instead of having your clothes become landfill, sell them, or even donate them to somebody else.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.Fast fashion is popular because of its high quality. |
B.Fast fashion has a negative effect on the environment. |
C.The materials of fast fashion brands are environmentally-friendly. |
D.Despite the expensive price, the materials of fast fashion brands are safe. |
A.A large quantity of water is wasted. | B.Harmful gases are sent into the air. |
C.The soil environment is damaged. | D.Great profits are gained by farmers. |
A.Safe. | B.Important. | C.Useful. | D.Dangerous. |
A.Call on people to take action. | B.Give a warning to the public. |
C.Offer some shopping advice. | D.Raise some questions of fast fashion. |
California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”
1. California condors attract researchers’ interest because they _________.
A.are active at night |
B.had to be bred in the wild |
C.are found only in California |
D.almost died out in the 1980s |
A.blocking condors’ journey home |
B.big killers of California condors |
C.rest places for condors at night |
D.used to keep condors away |
A.makes condors too nervous to fly |
B.has little effect on condors’ kidneys |
C.can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’ blood |
D.makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds |
A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactory |
B.Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering |
C.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results |
D.researchers have found the final answers to the problem |
【推荐3】Ensuring that your home is as energy-efficient as it can possibly be is essential. Take the steps listed below, and you’ll be living in an energy-efficient home in no time.
The old boilers (锅炉) are not as energy-efficient as the very latest models in this field.
Only when you know how much energy you use can you take action to be less wasteful and more resourceful in this instance.
With just twelve years (now seven years) to go until climate change alters earth forever, now is the time for you to play your part in protecting the planet that you live in.
A.The investment demanded in this instance is significant. |
B.Taking such action will help you adapt to climate change. |
C.Generally, this type of device will cost between £25 and £40. |
D.It means you should try to keep track of energy consumption. |
E.By putting the above advice into practice, you’ll be green soon. |
F.Most of your home’s wasted energy will escape through your roof. |
G.It might be high time to update yours if you haven’t done so for years. |
【推荐1】Some say you can tell a lot about a person by the way they decorate their homes. There is no denying that the way we decorate our homes is very personal. And while many of us have plenty of options, there are always people who go that little bit further. So, when it comes to minimalism and maximalism, which one appeals to you more?
Minimalism was an art movement that started in the 1950s. Its basic principles come from a concept of less is more, reducing things to their most basic. Some people took that art style and used it as a way of living. Their houses are usually decorated in simple colors, often just black and white. For some, especially maximalists, it may seem a bit boring or depressing. However, living in this way is seen by many as more organized and practical.
Maximalism started in the 1970s. It embraces the core ideals that “more is more”. While minimalism centres around the principle of removing, if it’s easy to imagine that a maximalists’ home is piled with items—but that’s not the basic idea. It's more about making the most of the area. Organized excess and bright colors combined with mixed patterns is what you will see in a home like this. For a minimalist, being used to more simple designs, it could be uneasy. But for those who embrace it, those things give a space personality.
The way you have your home is up to you! But, if you choose maximalism, you may need to prepare for a bit more dusting.
1. What may maximalists think of minimalists’ lifestyle?A.Simple. | B.Practical. | C.Colorful. | D.Dull. |
A.It was an art movement at first. | B.It is criticized for wasting resources. |
C.It focuses on using the space fully. | D.It dates back to as early as the 1950s. |
A.By analyzing causes. | B.By giving examples. |
C.By making comparisons. | D.By listing data. |
A.Love me, love my dog. | B.There is no accounting for taste. |
C.Birds of a feather flock together. | D.Cut your coat according to your cloth. |
【推荐2】What Do Babies Know?
As Daniel is settled into a highchair and wheeled behind a black screen, a sudden look of worry appeared. His dark blue eyes dart left and right in search of the familiar reassurance of his mother’s face. She calls his name and makes soothing noises, but Daniel senses something unusual is happening. He sucks his fingers for comfort, but finding no solace, his mouth crumples, his body stiffens. This is the usual expression when babies are left alone or abandoned.
Watching infants piece life together, seeing their senses, emotions and motor skills take shape, is a source of mystery and endless fascination at least to parents and developmental psychologists. We can decode their signals of distress or read a million messages into their first smile. But how much do we really know about what’s going on behind those wide, innocent eyes?
Daniel is now engaged in watching video clips of a red toy train on a circular track. The train disappears into a tunnel and emerges on the other side. A hidden device above the screen is tracking Daniel’s eyes as they follow the train and measuring the diameter of his pupils 50 times a second. As the child gets “habituated”, as psychologists call the process— his attention level steadily drops. But it picks up a little whenever some novelty is introduced. The train might be green, or it might be blue. And sometimes an impossible thing happens—the train goes into the tunnel one colour and comes out another.
Variations of experiments like this one, examining infant attention, have been a standard tool of developmental psychology ever since the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget, started experimenting on his children in the 1920s. Piaget’s work led him to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no innate knowledge of how the world works or any sense of “object permanence”(that people and things still exist even when they’re not seen). Instead, babies must gradually construct this knowledge from experience. Piaget’s “constructivist” theories were massively influential on post war educators and psychologists, but over the past 20 years or so they have been largely set aside by a new generation of “nativist” psychologists. They asserted that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge of the physical world. Nowadays, these smart-baby theories through a rigorous set of tests tend to be more Piagetian. That is, babies know nothing.
1. What can we know about Daniel?A.Daniel’s attention level dropped when he saw a blue train. |
B.Daniel didn’t notice the toy train when it came out of the tunnel. |
C.Daniel’s attention fell when he was accustomed to the changes. |
D.Daniel’s brain activity could be monitored by a special equipment. |
A.Parents are over-estimating what babies know. |
B.Piaget’s theory was rejected by parents in the 1920s. |
C.Baby’s behaviour after being abandoned is not surprising to some extent. |
D.Numerous experiments conducted on infants aims to prove scientists’ hypothesis. |
A.excited | B.bored | C.disappointed | D.distracted |
A.The theories about what babies know changed over time. |
B.Why the experiment that had been done before was rejected. |
C.Infants have the innate knowledge to know the external environment. |
D.Piaget’s “constructivist” theories were massively influential on parents. |
【推荐3】From early times, man has been interested in art. People have often worked together to collect and save the world's art treasures. Fine art treasures from many countries are kept in an art museum called the Louvre in Paris, France. The works of art have been collected by the people of France over many centuries. It is one of the biggest art museums in the world.
The Louvre has not always been a museum. The first building was a fort (堡垒). In 1190, it was the king's castle with high walls and a round tower. It had a moat (护城河) to keep out the enemies. Over the years, the number of buildings around the castle grew. By 1350, the castle no longer needed a fort. The Louvre became a palace home for French kings and queens.
During the time of peace, new treasures were brought in. During the days of war, many treasures were stolen, and the buildings were damaged.
When Francis I became the King of France in 1515, he brought in many artists from other countries. One of the artists was Leonardo da Vinci from Italy. Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is the best known painting in the museum today.
In 1793, the Louvre became a public museum. It is a place where art treasures are kept for everyone to enjoy. Every year millions of people from all over the world come to the Louvre to see the masterpieces.
1. Most of works of art in the Louvre have been collected probably by________.A.the French people |
B.Francis I |
C.Leonardo da Vinci |
D.people of the world |
A.The works of art will not be stolen. |
B.The works of art will not be damaged. |
C.Artists can study the works of art. |
D.Everyone has a chance to enjoy the works of art. |
A.The Louvre is always a museum since it was built. |
B.All the art treasures in the Louvre have been destroyed in the war. |
C.The Louvre was once the king's castle in history. |
D.There is still a fort near the Louvre now. |