If you want to make sure that you understand this story as fully as possible, you might consider printing the article and reading it on paper. That is one of the findings of a recent study of research done on the differences between paper and screen reading.
Virginia Clinton carried out the research examination. Clinton looked at 33 past studies done between 2008 and 2018 that examined paper versus screen reading. Her examination found that reading from paper generally led to better understanding and improved a person’s performance on tests connected to the reading material. And, she found no major differences in reading speed between the two. Such differences were notable only when the reading materials were expository texts — or explanatory and based on facts. Clinton said she found no major difference when it came to narrative, fictional texts.
Clinton also found that paper readers usually have a higher recognition of how well they have understood a text than screen readers. This skill is called metacognition. The word “cognition” means the mental action of increasing knowledge and understanding. “Metacognition” simply means thinking about one’s own thinking.
Clinton said, “We think that we’re reading the story or the book better than we actually are. We think we understand what we are reading better than how we are actually reading.” Yet, this inflated (夸大的) sense of understanding, or over-confidence, is especially common among screen readers.
Clinton said there are many possible reasons for such findings. Over-confidence of screen readers, for example, could be the result of a less focused mind. Clinton said, “If you are enjoying the reading, you’re going to be more concentrated. You’re going to be paying better attention. Preferences are a key issue here.”
Several studies have found that people often think of paper materials as more important and serious. “If you are reading from paper, your mind thinks,’ This is something important. I need to pay attention to it’,” Clinton said. Readers might connect computer screens with fun, less serious activities — such as checking social media or watching Netflix. That, Clinton said, could explain why most studies find no major difference in screen and paper among narrative, fictional reading materials. Clinton described this kind of reading as “enjoyment reading”.
Although her findings may support paper reading over screen reading, Clinton points to new and developing tools that can be used to improve a screen reader’s understanding and focus. “For example, when you’re reading off of a screen it can be programmed that you have to answer questions and get them right before you can continue. Paper can’t make you do that.”
1. Which of the followings is true about Clinton’s research findings?A.Reading from screen has helped readers improve their test performance. |
B.When it comes to fictions, paper readers have a faster speed than screen readers. |
C.Screen readers usually are more aware of their level of understanding about the text. |
D.Whether a reader regards the material as important affects his or her degree of concentration. |
A.Matt always tries to figure out the personality of the characters when reading a book. |
B.Tom often writes down his mind map and evaluates it after solving a math problem. |
C.“I think I am in love with you.” Ted said to Mary, without a second thought. |
D.We are expected to pay attention to others’ feelings when talking with them. |
A.It provides the same reading materials. |
B.It encourages readers to read at a high speed. |
C.It can be programmed to check understanding. |
D.It has tools to force readers to continue reading. |
A.Screen time makes reading more effective. |
B.Computer reading is improving paper reading. |
C.Screen-reading is more suitable for some readers. |
D.Paper reading is more effective than screen reading. |
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【推荐1】I’ve been reading 100 books per year on average during the past decade. So obviously I get the usual question of what books I recommend. Well, here’re my top 4 favorite books of all times, which influenced me into who l am today.
1. Think & Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill.
One of the biggest bestsellers of all times. Napoleon Hill spent two decades analyzing over 500 successful men like Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and John D. Rockefeller to discover how they did it. The result of Hill’s research is in Think & Grow Rich —13 steps to achieve your goal, whatever it is. All other self-help books are just copies of Hill’s book first published in 1937.
2. Psychocybernetics by Maxwell Maltz.
Another bestseller and the only self-help book you’ll need next to Think Grow Rich. Maxwell Maltz was a plastic surgeon who was amazed that some patients still felt ugly after surgery (外科手术). That’s when he discovered they also needed reconstruction work inside—their “self-image”. Everything about how to use the “mind-body” connection to achieve your goals, and how to feel confident about your body is inside this book.
3. Talent is Overrated by Geoff Colvin.
This book drives the point home that success in any field is not determined by genetics or talent but deliberate practice. Colvin uses examples from world class achievers like Tiger Woods, Jack Welch, Warren Buffet, Mozart to prove that they all got theirs through years of practice—the 10,000 hours rule. You’ll reexamine your beliefs about what it takes to succeed and supercharge your motivation after reading Colvin’s book.
4. Mastery by George Leonard.
This book also stresses that practice is the secret of success in anything. Leonard explains that mastership never ends—you will never have perfect technique and be able to stop. Instead you’ll keep learning, improving, and hitting plateaus (瓶颈期). The big point in Mastery is that plateaus are vital for improving your skills and that you therefore must start enjoying them instead of getting impatient or quitting like most guys do.
1. What is the book Think & Grow Rich mainly about?A.Successful men’s stories. | B.A research on being rich. |
C.An analysis of famous people. | D.Instructions on how to succeed. |
A.prepare to get surgery | B.are unconfident of their appearance |
C.want to build their body | D.need advice of plastic surgeons |
A.The steps to achieving the goal. |
B.World class achievers’ achievement. |
C.Practice’s key role in achieving success. |
D.Genetics and talent’s influence on being successful. |
【推荐2】FReader
A standard reading app for eBooks and audiobooks. FReader supports a variety of formats. The program is very pleasant to the eye and is adjustable to various spectrums (光谱). Apart from being a reading app, FReader has an integrated translator for five languages (English, Russian, German, French, and Ukrainian), making the app attractive to people across the world. You can also select a section of the page you are reading and share it via social networks, Bluetooth, SMS and other methods.
Cool features: Four themes, supports five languages, advanced 3D animations, scans the device for all existing formats, Text-to-Speech.
Business model: Free app. Only a standard free plan is available.
AIReader
Although it can read every type of book, AIReader is specially designed for Sci-Fi lovers. The app doesn’t support iOS but you can open many book formats on your Android phone. This app has enhanced graphical features and a wide range of customization options that focus on providing the best quality for fictional book reading.
Cool features: Text-To-Speech, external dictionaries, advanced adjustment of the visual quality, supports E-Ink devices.
Business model: Free app. AIReader doesn’t sell books, but you can simply purchase digital products elsewhere and upload them to the reading app.
Nook
Nook is strongly integrated with the online store Bames&Noble. You can buy you eBooks anywhere and they will automatically appear in the Nook library. The app supports most eBook formats.
Cool features: Wishlist, ArticleView, Parental Mode for children, customization of all the visual features.
Business model: Free app. With the partnership with Bames&Noble, you can find over a million free books on their website or purchase new titles for the price of as low as $0.99.
Scribd
Scribd has come a long way from the document-reading app it was initially. Today, it is one of the most famous programs with over a million titles in its library. Upon registration, you get a 30-day demo account that lets you read all the books you want for free! Apart from books, Scribd provides comic books, audiobooks articles, scientific studies, court cases and uncommon genres that no other app offers. You can even publish your own book on this platform.
Cool features: Book sync across different devices, audiobooks.
Business model: 30-day free trial. The annually subscription for unlimited access to Scribd’s available material is $59.
1. Why is FReader attractive to international readers?A.It doesn’t harm your eyes. |
B.It has many customization options. |
C.It has a powerful integrated translator. |
D.Users can share what they read via social networks. |
A.Buy Sci-Fi books. | B.Enjoy great graphics. |
C.Read on an iOS device. | D.Publish your own writing. |
A.Parents can monitor the children’s use of it. |
B.It cooperates with the physical store Bames&Noble. |
C.It supports eBook and audiobook formats. |
D.All books on it are free of charge. |
A.It is only a document-reading app currently. |
B.It doesn’t offer uncommon genres. |
C.It charges $59 a month for subscription. |
D.It provides free trial for nearly a month. |
A.To introduce eBooks and audiobooks. | B.To recommend four reading apps. |
C.To talk about online reading methods. | D.To describe some business models. |
【推荐3】Think about how much reading you do every day. When you look at it, you might find that reading is the work-related skill that you use most often!
Reading is quite a complex skill. It was previously believed that during reading, both eyes focus on particular letters.
Many people read at an average rate of 250 words per minute.
A.Recent research shows this isn’t the case. |
B.Speed-reading has many benefits. |
C.It’s also a skill that most of us take for granted by the time we reach age 12. |
D.You need to practice to improve your reading speed. |
E.Another important advantage of speed-reading is that it allows one to better comprehend the overall structure of an argument. |
F.But what does becoming a better reader involve? |
G.This means that an average page in a book or document takes 1-2 minutes to read. |
【推荐1】In many walks of life and in many situations, persuading people to .do what you want them to do is the key to success. Researchers have looked into different aspects of persuasion and come up with some interesting results which are surely helpful to us.
One advertising copywriter came up with an approach to selling a product on a TV shopping channel via phone sales. Instead of being instructed “Operators are waiting, please call now”, viewers were told “If operators are busy, please call again”. The results were extraordinary. The ad suggested operators weren't- sitting around hoping .people would call. Instead there were so many people: wanting the product that people might have to wait until they could get it.
What role does choice have in persuading people to buy or get something? One study in a supermarket showed the effect of choice. A particular supermarket displayed either 6 or 24 different kinds of jam. The 1arge display attracted more interest than the small one. But when the time came to purchase things; people who saw the large display were one-tenth as likely to buy. If they do buy, they are less content with their selection, even though they have made a good choice. A wider range of choices require more time and effort and lead to unreasonably high expectations.
Another aspect 6f persuasion concerns getting someone to change their mind: It's hard to prove to someone that a previous decision is wrong, and as people get older they get less and less willing to change their minds. People want things to be unwavering; they want their attitudes, statements, values and actions to follow a set pattern. The only way to persuade them to change is to acknowledger this by agreeing that the previous decision they made is a perfectly understandable one. This allows them to focus on your suggestion without feeling their previous decision is wrong. As a result, they may be persuaded to break out of their established pattern.
1. What does the advertising copywriter want to indicate about the product?A.It's for sale. | B.It's precious. | C.It's in demand. | D.It's' rare. |
A.Increased choice decreases satisfaction. | B.More selections bring more actions. |
C.More and more people don't want to choose. | D.Some choices are more attractive than others. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Favorable. | C.Understandable. | D.Unbearable. |
A.To teach bow to get better at persuasion. | B.To discuss various studies on persuasion. |
C.To compare different forms of persuasion. | D.To analyze how persuasion affects success. |
【推荐2】Millions of youngsters across Europe could suffer permanent hearing loss if they listen to MP3 players at too high a volume for more than five hours a week, EU scientists warned Monday.
The scientists’ study, requested by the European Commission, argued against the concept of “leisure noise,” saying children and teenagers should be protected from increasingly high sound levels. “There has been increasing concern about exposure from the new generation of personal music players which can reproduce sounds at very high volumes without loss of quality,” the Commission, the EU’s executive department, said in a statement.
Risk for hearing damage depends on sound level and exposure time. However, more and more young people have been exposed to the significant threat that leisure noise posed(造成) to hearing in the past decade. Commission experts estimate that between 50 and 100 million people listen to portable (便携式的) music players on a daily basis. If they listened for only five hours a week at more than 89 decibels (分贝), they would already go beyond EU limits for noise allowed in the workplace, they said. But if they listened for longer periods, they would risk permanent hearing loss after five years.
The scientists calculated the number of people in that risk category at between 5 and 10 percent of listeners, meaning up to 10 million people in the European Union. Sales of personal music players have increased in EU countries in recent years, particularly of MP3 players. Commission experts estimate unit sales between 184 and 246 million for all portable audio devices just over the last four years, of which MP3 players range between 124 and 165 million.
Loud mobile phones also came under fire. “I am concerned that so many young people who are frequent users of personal music players and mobile phones at high volume levels, may be unknowingly damaging their hearing,” said Meglena Kuneva, the EU’s consumer affairs official in her statement.
1. What could cause hearing damage according to the text?A.Increasing concern about personal music players. |
B.The sales of all portable audio devices. |
C.Sounds at very high volumes from music players. |
D.The use of mobile phones of poor quality. |
A.Ban the use of portable music players. |
B.Reduce the number of young users. |
C.Never use personal music players in the workplace. |
D.Use music players by the limit of time and volume. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Negative. | C.Favorable. | D.Indifferent. |
A.Turn Your MP3 Players Down! |
B.No More Sales, No More Threat! |
C.Enjoy Music, Enjoy Life! |
D.Fill in Your Leisure Time with Entertainment! |
【推荐3】The market for ride sharing is starting to look like a pie-eating competition where the prize is more pie.
Lift went public on March 29, and the stock (股票) almost immediately went into a quick drop as money-providers noticed that the company hadn’t made any money yet and didn’t have any clear plans to do so.
On April 11,Umber went public in the stock market too. The company said it commands more than 50 percent of the ride-hailing (叫车服务) market in America and Europe and had an operating loss of S3 billion last year, about three times as much as Lift lost.
Think about that: those two companies lost nearly $4 billion in a single year transporting people.
What's happening in the ride-sharing market is special in a number of ways.
First, it offers what is called “network effects”: The more riders you have, the easier it is to attract and send drivers, and the more drivers you have, the more riders you will attract. Markets that display network effects prefer to benefit a few players, and possibly only one.
Second, ride sharing has low changing costs. It's simple lo get both apps on your phones, and many riders and drivers do just that, which means fierce competition over every single ride.
There are only two ways that the price war can end. Either Umber and Lift come to some son of agreement to slop selling their services below cost, or at least one of the companies may need to die. And so the pie-eating competition may continue forever, until everyone bursts. There may finally be no route to money for these companies, no payoff tor money-providers. The number of major ride-sharing companies may not be two or even one, but none.
1. What do Umber and Lift have in common?A.Going public in stock market. |
B.Enjoying a financially bright future. |
C.Entering for the pie-making competition. |
D.Benefiting the money-providers. |
A.More network companies will survive. |
B.More riders will attract more driven. |
C.More players will crowd the market |
D.More drivers will give up the use of apps. |
A.Arriving at a win-win agreement. |
B.Putting more money into the market. |
C.Selling services below cost. |
D.Having free access to either company. |
A.Riding-hailing market, we’re coining. |
B.Umber or Lift, who cares? |
C.Locked in a price war only two ways out. |
D.The prize for a pie-eating competition. |