Edward Davis was a professor who worked on ocean research. However, bored with writing death records of ocean species, he quit his job in 2007. Rather than spend any more of his life recording the dying, Edward decided to try to protect the living creatures in the few re-maining areas of the ocean.
These areas are the last wild places of the sea still undamaged by overfishing, pollution and climate change. “It is necessary for us to go to places that still look like the ocean as it was 500 years ago,” Edward says. “These places are the examples of sustainable(可持续的) development. Maybe we can’t bring all of the ocean back to this state, but these places show us what the potential is.” Beneath the surface of a stormy sea off Palau in the western Pacific lie various lively corals. The tiny island nation has protected 80 percent of its waters as a no-fishing area—the largest percentage of protected ocean area in the world. The remaining 20 percent can be fished only by Palauans.
To protect these places, Edward and his team started a project on ocean protection in 2008. Over the past years, the project has helped create 22 ocean reserves. These make up two-thirds of the world’s fully protected ocean areas. Now Edward and his team have set an even bigger goal—to protect more than a third of the world’s oceans for the purpose of keeping biological diversity.
For Edward, one of the most satisfying aspects of his job is working with local communi-ties in the places he and his team are seeking to protect. The team worked closely with about 50 local people on the island. “We showed them an underwater world they had never seen,” Edward recalls. “Huge schools of fish will surely swim in some of the clearest waters ever measured in the Pacific.”
1. Why did Edward quit his previous job?A.To record the dying. | B.To increase land species. |
C.To write a book on the sea. | D.To protect the sea creatures. |
A.20 percent of it is covered by the sea. | B.It is an area open to fishermen worldwide. |
C.It is an example of sustainable development. | D.The surface of it is destroyed by water pollution. |
A.Edward’s project. | B.Edward’s team members. |
C.The ways of keeping biodiversity. | D.The ways of creating ocean reserves. |
A.Confused. | B.Stressed. | C.Curious. | D.Positive. |
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【推荐1】Deserts could be the best places on Earth for harvesting solar power. They are spacious, relatively flat, and never short of sunlight. So researchers imagine it might be possible to transform the world’s largest desert, the Sahara, into a large solar farm, capable of meeting four times the world’s current energy demand.
While the black surfaces of solar panels absorb most of the sunlight that reaches them, only around 15% of that incoming energy gets turned into electricity. The rest is returned to the environment as heat, affecting the climate. If these effects were only local, they might not matter in a thinly populated desert. But the area of the installations in the Sahara would be vast, covering thousands of square miles. Heat released from an area this size will be redistributed by the flow of air in the atmosphere, having regional and even global effects on the climate.
A 2018 study used a climate model to assess the effects of building massive solar farms in the Sahara. The model revealed that when the size of the solar farm reaches 20% of the total area of the Sahara, the heat released by the darker solar panels creates a big temperature difference between the land and the surrounding oceans that ultimately lowers surface air pressure and causes wet air to rise and condense (凝结) into raindrops. With more rainfall, plants grow and the desert reflects less of the sun’s energy since vegetation absorbs light better than sand and soil. With more plants present, more water is evaporated (蒸发), creating a better environment that causes vegetation to spread.
So, a large solar farm could generate enough energy and at the same time turn one of the most abominable environments on Earth into a habitable place. Sounds perfect, right? Not quite. In a recent study, we used an advanced Earth system model to closely examine how Saharan solar farms interact with the climate. It showed there could be unintended effects in remote parts of the land and ocean.
We are only beginning to understand the potential consequences of establishing massive solar farms in deserts. Solutions like this may help society reduce the use of fossil energy, but Earth system studies like ours underscore the importance of considering the numerous coupled responses of the atmosphere, oceans, and land surface when examining their benefits and risks.
1. What can be learned about solar farms?A.They are mainly located in deserts. |
B.They can affect the local and even global climate. |
C.They can make the best use of incoming energy. |
D.They satisfy the world’s current energy demand. |
A.It might become greener. |
B.It might reflect more sunlight. |
C.Its surface air pressure will increase. |
D.Its temperature difference between day and night will decrease. |
A.Addictive. | B.Dynamic. | C.Sensitive. | D.Unpleasant. |
A.It is an impossible task. |
B.It will do more good than harm. |
C.It calls for more consideration. |
D.It might be the solution to fossil fuel pollution. |
【推荐2】Gasoline (汽油) is a fuel made from base oil and other petrol liquids. It is mainly used as an engine fuel in vehicles. Leaded (含铅的) gasoline, one of the greatest pollutants, is no longer made or used now. The last country which sold leaded gasoline, Algeria, has stopped doing so recently, about 41 years after the first country made the decision.
It was in the early days of the automobile’s rise that gasoline producers began to add different chemicals to prevent damage to the inside of their engines. Lead, which could be a great lubricant (润滑剂) for the engine, quickly began to represent the excellent choice, which during the next 80 years was shot out through the pipes of cars around the world.
U.S. researchers had already been certain of lead’s harmful effects by the time the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970. Japan needed seven years following those first reports to ban(禁止) leaded gasoline, with Austria, Canada, Slovakia, Denmark, and Sweden following shortly after. The U.S. and the UK finally stopped leaded gasoline in the late 1990s, after which most countries followed.
“The removal of lead from gasoline is one of the greatest environmental achievements of all time,” said Carol Browner, administrator of the EPA during the year 1996. “With thousands of tons of lead disappearing from the air, blood lead levels in our children are reduced by 70 percent. This means that millions of children will be rid of the painful consequences of lead poisoning, such as nerve damage, anemia (贫血), or mental retardation (迟钝),” she added.
Indeed, the global ban was projected to prevent 1.2 million premature deaths worldwide, and save a total of $2.4 trillion in medical costs for treating lead poisoning, which could do much damage to every major system in the human body.
A detailed summary of the story about leaded gasoline, published by National Geographic, says it took 10 years after the turn of the millennium to persuade 107 countries to ban it, but 16 more years to persuade the holdouts. By 2016, only the war-torn nations of Iraq and Yemen, and the last major exporter, Algeria, were left.
“The successful enforcement (实施) of the ban on leaded gasoline is a huge milestone for global health and our environment,” said Inger Andersen, executive director of the UN Environment Programme.
1. Why was lead mixed in gasoline?A.To decrease the harm of gas pollutants. |
B.To make the service life of engines longer. |
C.To improve the efficiency of using gasoline. |
D.To show its advantage over other petrol liquids. |
A.Algeria. | B.Canada. | C.Japan. | D.Denmark. |
A.To list the consequences of lead poisoning. |
B.To show the importance of banning leaded gasoline. |
C.To explain the difficulty in carrying out the global ban. |
D.To raise people’s awareness of environmental protection. |
A.The World Welcomes Cleaner Energy |
B.Algeria Is Influenced by Leaded Gasoline |
C.Now the Whole World Says “No” to Leaded Gasoline |
D.The Removal of Leaded Gasoline Promises Good Health |
【推荐3】We have to admit that many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment friendly products have actually contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced and these are difficult to get rid of.
However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment. Before they take action to buy a product, they ask questions like these “Will this shampoo add damage to the environment?” “Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”
A recent study showed that two out of five adults now take the environmental safety of a product into account before they buy it. This means that companies must now adjust the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green” that is, friendly to the environment
Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds of them advocating green. In addition, some supermarket products carry labels (标签) to show that the product is green. Some companies have adopted the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products as their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it.” The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.
1. It becomes clear from the text that the driving force (动力) behind green products isA.public caring for the environment | B.companies' desire for bigger sales |
C.new ways of doing business | D.rapid growth of supermarkets |
A.Business and People | B.Business Goes Green |
C.Shopping Habits Are Changing | D.Supermarkets and Green products |
A.a selling point | B.the company name |
C.a great demand for health foods | D.the manufacturing of green products |
【推荐1】I arrived home from work, my mind racing, I was scheduled to perform an experiment using a pricey piece of equipment, but I had spent the whole day worrying about the experiment which was on the top of my agenda, and I amazingly longed to shut off my anxious thoughts. So after dinner, I made a cup of hot coffee, stretched myself on my sofa, and opened a page. Almost instantly, my mind left behind the details of experimental design and stepped into a land of monsters, magic dust, and man-like bears comprising a wonderful world distinct from my daily life. It was exactly what I needed.
Growing up, I was virtually never big on novels. My classmates would be crazy about the latest Harry Potter book, while my copy sat collecting dust on a shelf. Instead, I would choose to read through the reference books related to my disciplines for better grades. After I started graduate school, extracurricular reading didn’t appeal to me at all but I spent most of my time on campus digesting research papers and textbooks and my mind couldn’t handle processing fact-filled nonfiction books at home, too. So I knew that I needed to find a way to enjoy reading again.
To help me stick with it, I made a New Year’s resolution: I would read two fiction books per month for the entire year. The result was an almost instant appreciation of fiction, along with many unexpected results including ones that have benefited my schoolwork.
What surprised me most was how much I learned. Some of the best books I read were historical fictional stories happening in a realistic historical setting, I learned about life in different countries, as well as struggles people there faced during difficult periods in their histories. The books have helped me build sympathy and understanding, with an unexpected benefit: I’ve started to think more deeply about the diversity of issues in the scientific community and could serve it, heart and soul.
1. How did the author relieve his anxiety?A.By drinking several cups of coffee. | B.By watching a funny show on the sofa. |
C.By being absorbed in a fascinating book. | D.By calling a friend to talk about the worries. |
A.The author was always a big fan of reading novels. |
B.The author lacked enthusiasm for novels from childhood. |
C.The author never read any books when the author was young. |
D.The author was occupied in the research papers during school. |
A.Diligent and self-aware. | B.Creative and knowledgeable. |
C.Adventurous and thoughtful. | D.Ambitious and committed. |
A.Adversity leads to prosperity. | B.Don’t judge a book by its cover. |
C.There is no royal road to learning. | D.Books and friends should be few but good. |
【推荐2】There were smiling children all the way. Clearly they knew at what time the train passed their homes and they made it their business to stand along the railway, wave to complete strangers and cheer them up as they rushed towards Penang. Often whole families stood outside their homes and waved and smiled as if those on the trains were their favorite relatives. This is the simple village people of Malaysia. I was moved.
I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.
It was not long before the train was across the Causeway and in Malaysia. Johore Baru was just another city like Singapore, so I was tired of looking at the crowds of people as they hurried past. As we went beyond the city, I watched the straight rows of rubber trees and miles and miles of green. Then the first village came into sight. Immediately I came alive; I decided to wave back.
From then on my journey became interesting. I threw my magazines into the wastebasket and decided to join in Malaysian life. Then everything came alive. The mountains seemed to speak to me. Even the trees were smiling. I stared at everything as if I was looking at it for the first time.
The day passed fast and I even forgot to have my lunch until I felt hungry. I looked at my watch and was surprised that it was 3:00 pm. Soon the train pulled up at Butterworth. I looked at the people all around me. They all looked beautiful. When my uncle arrived with a smile, I threw my arms around him to give him a warm hug. I had never done this before. He seemed surprised and then his weather-beaten face warmed up with a huge smile. We walked arm in arm to his car.
I looked forward to the return journey.
1. The author expected the train trip to be .A.adventurous | B.pleasant | C.exciting | D.boring |
A.The friendly country people. | B.The mountains along the way. |
C.The crowds of people in the streets. | D.The simple lunch served on the train. |
A.choose | B.enjoy | C.prepare for | D.carry on |
A.Johore Baru. | B.The Causeway. | C.Butterworth. | D.Singapore. |
A.Comfort in traveling by train. | B.Pleasure of living in the country. |
C.Reading gives people delight. | D.Smiles brighten people up. |
【推荐3】My two sons are all grown up now. Yet they both still have the minds of children. Autism has limited their intellectual growth over the years, and they still need to be looked after 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. When I was a boy, the term used for people like my sons was Mentally Retarded. By the time I was an adult, the term had switched to Mentally Handicapped. Later, this was changed again to Mentally Challenged. However, none of these terms truly defined them. Their humanity is much richer than these personality labels.
These days, the newest term is people with Special Needs. My sons do have Special Needs but they also have Special Gifts. My oldest boy may only be able to talk about certain things. Autism has limited his learning and interests. But when he greets people by name. He gives out love and hugs far more freely than I do. My youngest boy doesn't speak much at all, he is lost in his own world most of the time. But he also has an ability for laughter and joy that is far beyond anything I possess. Often after he finishes crying his happiness will immediately return. In truth, my two Special Needs sons have taught me more about how to live and how to love than I could have ever learned on my own.
The fact is all of us in this life have Special Needs. All of us also have Special Gifts. It is up to us to share our Gifts. It is up to us to meet each other's Needs. It is up to us to treat each other with kindness and love. Remember, we are all one family here. We are all Children of the same mother nature.
1. Which term does the author agree with most to define his sons?A.Autism. | B.People with Special Needs. |
C.Mentally Retarded | D.Mentally Handicapped. |
A.The writer's oldest son taught him how to live. |
B.The writer's oldest son taught him how to love. |
C.The writer's youngest son taught him how to love |
D.The writer taught his two sons how to live and love. |
A.Comparing. | B.Listing facts. |
C.Giving examples. | D.Expressing his mind directly. |