You watch a sad film and get caught up in your emotions. You cry your eyes out at the dramatic plot —you feel sad for the characters if they suffer, or happy for them when they are successful. It is only when the movie is over that you realize that what you were watching is not real.
But why couldn’t you accept that when you were so absorbed in the movie? It was reported in Science Daily this week that scientists at Case Western Reserve University, US, discovered that people simply cannot think emotionally and logically at the same time.
It has long been known that something different goes on in our brain when we use logic, rather than responding to something emotionally. Thinking logically is a step-by-step process, in which people make decisions through reasoning and find answers rationally. When we think emotionally or empathize (有同感) we look at things from someone else’s point of view and try to feel their pain.
Now scientists have found that thinking logically and emotionally are like the two ends of a seesaw (跷跷板)— when we’re busy empathizing, the part of the brain used for cold-hard analysis is suppressed (抑制). And it’s also true the other way round.
To come to this conclusion, scientists gathered 45 people — men and women — to take brain scans as they solved different kinds of puzzles. Some of the puzzles were tough and involved math and physics and others were social problems that required participants to put themselves in other people’s shoes.
Scientists found that when participants were doing a math problem, the region in their brain that is associated with logical thinking lit up, and when asked to make emotional decisions, the region for emotional thinking lit up. But the most interesting part is that when asked to solve problems that required both logical and emotional responses, the participants always used one of the regions at a time while the other one went dark.
“Empathetic and analytic thinking are... mutually (相互之间地) exclusive (排斥的)in the brain,” said Anthony Jack, leader of the study. “You don’t have to favor one, but cycle efficiently between them, and employ the right network at the right time.”
However, people sometimes ended up using the wrong one. This explains why some people are good at solving complex math problems but have poor social skills. And why even the smartest people get taken in by fake but touching stories.
1. Why does the author mention watching movies at the beginning of the article?A.To show that we are easily moved by things that are not real. |
B.To show that sometimes we only use emotional thinking. |
C.To prove that emotional thinking is powerful. |
D.To introduce the research based on this kind of experiences. |
A.logical thinking works differently from emotional thinking |
B.logical thinking and emotional thinking take turns to function independently |
C.logical thinking is much more efficient than emotional thinking |
D.logical thinking and emotional thinking could work together |
A.people have to frequently switch between different types of thinking |
B.adopting the wrong thinking mode could have bad results |
C.people could only either have excellent logical thinking or emotional thinking |
D.people who think logically could easily be controlled |
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【推荐1】The secret of success
The recipe for succeeding in any given field is hardly a mystery: good ideas, hard work, discipline, imagination, perseverance and maybe a little luck. Oh, and let’s not forget failure which Dashun Wang and his colleagues at Northwestern University call “the essential prerequisite (先决条件) for success” in a new paper.
But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals.
It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. “You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.”
As they explored “the mechanisms governing the dynamics of failure” and built their model. Wang’s team identified what they describe as previously unknown statistical signatures that separate successful groups from unsuccessful groups, making it possible to predict their final outcomes.
One such key indicator (besides keeping the stuff that works and focusing on what doesn’t) is the time between consecutive (连续的) failed attempts, which should decrease steadily. In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.”
Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region.
“This diverging pattern of performance increases with each new attempt,” says Wang. Although in some cases it is apparent which region a person is in as early as the second attempt.
Wang points out that the existence of the tipping point cuts against the traditional explanations for failure or success, such as luck or a person’s work habits. “What we’re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes,” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead.
1. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that ________.A.winners are more persistent than losers |
B.failure is not important for success at all |
C.more trying doesn’t necessarily breed success |
D.winners and losers differ in how many times they tried |
A.no one can obtain success without failure |
B.the performance pattern is hard to identify |
C.failure can sometimes help predict success |
D.the critical point had been discovered by chance |
A.in its elementary stage | B.without progress |
C.unknown to outsiders | D.beyond recognition |
A.Winners try less than losers but gain more. |
B.Perseverance is the utmost secret to success. |
C.Working smart can turn failures into future successes. |
D.Luck and work habits make little difference to the result. |
【推荐2】Stage fright or performance anxiety is the anxiety, or fear which may occur in an individual by the requirement to perform in front of an audience. It is most commonly seen in school situations, like stand-up projects and class speeches. It has numerous forms: heart beating fast, trembling hands and legs, sweaty hands, dry mouth etc.
In fact, most of the fear occurs before you step on stage. Once you’re up there, it usually goes away. Thus, it is a phenomenon that you must learn to control. Try to think of stage fright in a positive way. It heightens your energy, adds color to your cheeks. With these good side effects you will actually look healthier and more physically attractive.
Many of the top performers in the world get stage fright so you are in good company. Stage fright may come and go or decrease, but it usually does not disappear permanently (永久地) . You must concentrate on getting the feeling out and present what you have prepared calmly.
Remember “Nobody” ever died from stage fright. But, according to surveys, many people would rather die than give a speech. If that applies to you, and you are an unlucky guy who is with stage fright the whole time, try out some of the strategies
(策略) as follows to help get yourself under control. Realize that you may never overcome stage fright, but you can learn to control it, and use it to your advantage.
Strategies are as follows when the program begins:
1) If legs are trembling, lean on table or shift legs or move.
2) Don’t hold notes. The audience can see them shake. Use three-by-five cards instead.
3) Use eye contact. Look at the friendliest faces in the audience.
Remember nervousness doesn’t show one-tenth as much as it feels. Before each presentation, make a short list of the items you think will make you feel better. Don’t be afraid to experiment with different combinations. You never know which ones will work best until you try. Use these steps to control stage fright so it doesn’t control you. Once you are used to stage fright, you will find you on the road to a great speech-maker.
1. Someone may be most likely to suffer from stage fright when he/she is ______.A.attending an English class |
B.standing in a classroom |
C.watching a performance |
D.talking in front of people |
A.Top performers usually suffer from stage fright. |
B.Stage fright may stay with a person for a life time. |
C.Nobody would rather die than give a speech. |
D.No one can overcome or control stage fright. |
A.show one-tenth of their nervousness |
B.experiment with different kinds of stage fright |
C.refer to the strategies whenever they feel the need |
D.use one of the strategies each time |
A.how to deal with stage fright | B.what stage fright is like |
C.when stage fright occurs | D.why people have stage fright |
【推荐3】Most of us mistakenly think that creativity is a quality belonging only to inventors rather to ourselves.
1. Get out of your comfort zone
Break out of your usual patterns and welcome creativity into your life. The human brain was designed to recognize patterns. We continue to create patterns and routines for almost everything we do.
2.
If you always do what you’ve always done, you’ll always get what you’ve always got. We are creatures of habits and routines, but creativity hates routines. Interrupt your routine and try something new. Undoubtedly, new things are often creative.
3.Take action
A.Having a great idea is not enough. |
B.Seek several options. |
C.We may attempt to think from the other person’s point. |
D.Try different things. |
E.However, the truth is that we are all born with the potential to be creative. |
F.In fact, our comfort zone is only a collection of patterns. |
G.We all have great ideas sometimes, but only a few people turn their ideas into reality. |
【推荐1】A little brain stimulation at night appears to help people remember what they learned the previous day, a study of 18 severe epilepsy (癫痫) patients has found.
During sleep, brain cells fire in rhythmic patterns. When two brain areas synchronize (同步) their firing patterns, they are able to communicate. During non-rapid eye movement sleep, the hippocampus, found deep in the brain, synchronizes its activity with the prefrontal cortex, which lies just behind the forehead. This helps transform memories from the day into memories that can last a lifetime.
Dr. Itzhak Fried at the University of California and his team gathered 18 epilepsy patients who already had electrodes (电极) in their brains for medical evaluation. This offered the scientists a way to both monitor and change a person’s brain rhythms. They used a “celebrity pet” test in which participants were shown images matching a particular celebrity with a specific animal. The goal was to remember which animal went with which celebrity.
Patients saw the images before going to bed. While sleeping, some of them got tiny electrical stimulation through the wires in their brains. In patients who got the stimulation, rhythms in the two brain areas became more synchronized. And when they woke up they scored higher on the test.
The experiment was based on decades of research done by scientists, including Dr. György Buzsáki, a neuroscientist at New York University. But changing rhythms in healthy peoples’ brains might not improve their memory, he says, because those communication channels are already in perfect condition. The epilepsy patients may have improved because they started out with sleep and memory problems caused by both the disorder and the drugs used to treat it.
Even so, he says, the approach has the potential to help millions of people with damaged memory. And brain rhythms probably play parts in many other problems. “They are not specific to memory. They are doing a lot of other things,” Buzsáki says, like regulating mood and emotion.
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A.The forming process of memories. | B.The working principle for the research. |
C.The analysis of brain cells’ firing patterns. | D.The advantages for studies in brain activities. |
A.To conduct their medical evaluation. | B.To monitor their brain rhythms. |
C.To facilitate synchrony of their brain areas. | D.To record scores of the memory tests. |
A.It will strengthen healthy people’s memory. |
B.It may enhance people’s communication skills. |
C.It can help reduce epilepsy patients’ drug use. |
D.It might help people with mental problems. |
A.Hesitant. | B.Favorable. | C.Critical. | D.Dismissive. |
【推荐2】P. H. Hanes, founder of HanesBrands, came up with retail price in the 1920s. That allowed him to use ads in publications across America to discourage distributors from unfairly raising the price of his knitted underwear. Even today many American shopkeepers stick to manufacturers’ recommended prices, as much as they would love to raise them to offset the inflationary (通货膨胀) pressures on their other costs. A growing number, though, resort to more complicated pricing techniques.
Getting retail price right can be tricky. Set prices too high and you risk losing customers; set them too low and you leave money on the table. Retailers have historically used rules of thumb, such as adding a fixed margin (差额) on top of costs or matching what competitors charge. As energy, labour and other inputs go through the roof, they can no longer afford to treat pricing as an afterthought. To gain an edge, shopkeepers have been turning to price-optimisation systems.
At their core are mathematical models that use deal data to estimate price flexibility—how much demand increases as the price falls and vice versa—for thousands of products. Price-sensitive items can then be discounted and price-insensitive ones marked up. Merchants can fine-tune the algorithms (算法) to prevent undesirable outcomes.
These systems are becoming cleverer thanks to advances in artificial intelligence(AI). The latest crop of AI-powered ones can spot patterns and relationships between multiple items. Makers of pricing software are incorporating new data sources into their models, from customers’ tweets to online product reviews, says Doug Fuehne of Pricefx, one such firm. In February Starbucks, a chain of coffee shops, boasted about its use of analytics and AI to model pricing “on an ongoing basis”. US Foods, a food distributor, praised its pricing system’s ability to use “over a dozen different inputs” to boost sales and profits.
What pricing systems do not do is lead unavoidably to higher prices. Matt Pavich of Revionics, another pricing-software firm, calls this misconception “one of the biggest misunderstanding” about products like his. Sysco, a big food distributor which rolled out new pricing software last year, is a case in point. The firm says the system allows it to lower prices on “key value items”—as price-sensitive bestsellers are known in the trade—and raise them on other products. It can thus increase profits by expanding sales while maintaining margins.
1. What does the expression “leave money on the table” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Do not match the competitor’s prices. | B.Do not maintain a reasonable sales and profits. |
C.Do not address the pressure on extra expenses. | D.Do not reach an agreement in price negotiation. |
A.Setting fixed prices for all products. | B.Adjusting prices based on demands. |
C.Constructing discount models by AI. | D.Capitalizing on customers’ social media data. |
A.It hits the sweet point. | B.It cuts a long story short. |
C.It runs counter to its target. | D.It compares apples and oranges. |
A.Fair or Unfair Price: Not a Question for AI |
B.Price Setting AI: Maintaining Great Balance |
C.Retail Price Evolves: From Experience to Science |
D.Technological Business: Companies Use AI to Set Prices |
【推荐3】Artificial cloud technology could soon be used in the fight against environmental damage. Researchers in Australia have used machines to spray salt water into the air, and noted that the reflective qualities of these artificial clouds helped protect the Great Barrier Reef from sun bleaching.
The so-called cloud brightening project works by thickening existing clouds and reducing sunlight exposure. No artificial chemicals make it into the clouds in the sky, and when water droplets steam they leave only small salt crystals that float up into the atmosphere. This provides a larger surface area for water vapor (水蒸气) to be liquids around them,forming thicker clouds.
Cloud manipulation (控制) is becoming more commonplace as climate change threatens to destroy our ecosystems. The past two years have seen unheard-of forest fires and droughts caused by the climate change emergency, meaning that widespread use of this technique may become more commonplace if carbon emissions are not controlled strictly.
Drones have also entered the cloud manipulation picture, being used in the United Arab Emeritus, a country desperately in need of more rainfall, to deliver electrical shocks to clouds in order to promote rainfall. Zapping (击打) clouds to produce a positive or negative charge within clouds can cause water droplets to form together. The greater the charge, the larger the droplets, vital for ensuring that as much rain as possible reaches the surface before steam gives off all the hard-won moisture (水分).
Even discounting climate change, global waterfall shortages are still an increasing concern, giving the planet’s booming population. More people means more mouths to feed, and the demand for water in agriculture for animals and crops further increases urgency for cloud manipulation technology. An increase in rain also leads to positive economic growth in many countries, as large harvests stabilize financial systems and living standards in all climates.
Increasingly, scientists are looking to our skies in providing solutions to protect our environment. Cloud manipulation technologies have promise; however, they can also be extremely expensive to run. For this field of science to become practical economically, more research needs to be done in making this process a practicable option in protecting our environment.
1. How does the cloud brightening project work?A.By forming thicker clouds. |
B.By leaving small salt crystals. |
C.By providing a large surface area. |
D.By spraying salt water into the air. |
A.Failure in stopping forest fires. |
B.Adaptation to climate changes. |
C.Adaptation to ecosystem changes. |
D.Failure in reducing carbon emissions. |
A.Using water droplets to rain. |
B.Charging clouds to promote rain. |
C.Going into the cloud manipulation. |
D.Producing a positive charge outside the clouds. |
A.Our globe is suffering severe waterfall shortages. |
B.Cloud manipulation technologies will be more affordable to run. |
C.The cloud manipulation technology increases agriculture urgency. |
D.Cloud manipulation technologies can end environment problems. |