In the United States, people generate approximately 35 million tons of food waste every year, and as individual families, they waste about 30 percent of the food we buy. For the average four-person household with a monthly food budget of $1,000, that’s like throwing $300 straight into the garbage every month.
It’s not just the personal budgets that are affected by food waste, either - it contributes to the ongoing climate crisis as well. The yearly amount of water and energy wasted from uneaten food in America every year would be enough to power 50 million homes, and the amount of greenhouse gases produced from food waste was equivalent(相等的) to the carbon dioxide emissions of 42 coal-fired power plants, according to a 2021 report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
At home, the core issue is that people buy too much food and then throw so much out because the ingredients “do not match food preferences”,according to a 2020 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. It’s true that there are far more factors that contribute to waste within the food system than just the consumer behavior.“It’s so much bigger than a consumer problem,” said Pamela Koch, associate professor of nutrition education at Teachers College, Columbia University. But that doesn’t mean the personal efforts can’t still have an impact. “There’s so much that consumers can do," said Roni Neff, associate professor of environmental health and engineering at Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The process starts with “recognizing what we’re throwing out and what led to it,”Neff said. “If we understand our own patterns and what’s going on in our homes,” she continued, the next step is“figuring out how to set up the environment to make it as easy as possible to avoid food waste.”
1. What is the purpose of using figures in Paragraph 1?A.To attract more cleaners. |
B.To show the richness of food. |
C.To tell the seriousness of the food waste. |
D.To introduce the size of individual families. |
A.Improving the climate crisis. | B.Reducing the personal budgets. |
C.Increasing the greenhouse gases. | D.Changing coal-fired power plants. |
A.Food system works well. |
B.Food preferences are easy to satisfy. |
C.Consumer behavior has been improved. |
D.Personal efforts are encouraged to save food. |
A.Fight against Food Waste | B.Study of Food Production |
C.Save Money in Daily Life | D.Ways of Protecting the Environment |
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【推荐1】Researchers have known for decades that orcas (逆戟鲸) across the North Pacific have harmful pollutants in their system.
Now, a new study reveals orcas in the western North Atlantic, including those in the Arctic, are significantly more polluted than animals in the east — a finding that “shocked” study leader Anaïs Remili, a postdoctoral researcher at McGill University in Montreal. The research strongly points to their diet playing a major role in the level of pollutants, rather than their location.
The study looked at the presence of persistent organic pollutants, or toxic chemicals that degrade slowly and accumulate in the body, in the blubber (鲸脂) of orcas across the North Atlantic. These pollutants, relics of industrial and agricultural processes, “have a tendency to bind to fat,” says Remili, whose study was published in October in the journal Environmental Science & Technology. These chemicals weaken orcas’ immune systems, disrupt their endocrine (内分泌) function, prevent growth and brain development, and even interfere with reproduction.
Pollutants increase as they move up through the food chain, and the orcas that consume top predators — for example, those that primarily eat other marine mammals rather than fish—are most polluted. Thanks to their high body fat and position as apex (最高点) predators, orcas are some of “the most contaminated animals on the planet,” Remili says.
Her earlier research showed that eastern North Atlantic orcas primarily feed on herring (鲱鱼); mid-North Atlantic orcas feed on seals and mackerel (鲭鱼); and western North Atlantic orcas feed on baleen whales, porpoises (海豚) and seals.
It makes sense that western North Atlantic orcas would have higher pollutants, due to their diet, but “you would expect less contaminants overall in the Arctic compared to industrialized areas,” such as off the east coast of North America, Remili says.
“We’ve really come to learn that you are what you eat,” says Peter Ross, senior scientist and healthy waters program director at the Raincoast Conservation Foundation in British Columbia, who wasn’t involved in the study. “The top of the food chain, as illustrated by these long-lived killer whales, is extremely easy to hurt.”
1. What can we know according to Anaïs Remili’s study?A.The polluted orcas in the Eastern Atlantic are in the lead. |
B.The orcas’ immune system is influenced negatively by chemicals. |
C.The blubber of orcas is easy to break down and accumulate in the body. |
D.Orcas’ location is more important than their diet in the level of pollutants. |
A.Those feeding on fish. | B.Those feeding on marine plants. |
C.Those feeding on predators. | D.Those feeding on marine mammals. |
A.Orcas’ tastes vary from place to place. | B.Orcas can be particular about food. |
C.Orcas are fond of fish and shrimps. | D.Orcas can only be found in the Atlantic. |
A.Orcas’ diet resulted in more pollutants. | B.The marine food chain needs to be protected. |
C.Peter Ross participated in the study unwillingly. | D.Pollutants found in the Arctic orcas are not the most. |
CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD’S ATTENTION
We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate.
In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”. An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s ecology.
Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”, which has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly.
There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses.
Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help?
1. What happened to the polar bear in the photo? Why did the writer write about it?2. Why is the “natural” greenhouse effect important and necessary?
3. What are the consequences of high greenhouse gas emissions?
4. Why did the author mention the climate scientists' warning?
5. What is the author’s purpose of writing this text?
【推荐3】Though the harmful effects of plastic on wildlife and human health are well-documented, this material is hard to avoid. Nearly everything we touch, from grocery bags to drink bottles, to food packaging, contains plastic. Now, Amsterdam’s Ekoplaza supermarket is making it a little easier for consumers to reduce consumption of single-use plastic bags and containers, which are blocking our landfills at alarming rates, with a special plastic-free aisle (通道). Believed to be the world’s first, the aisle has 700 products on sale including rice, beans, yogurt, chocolate milk, cereal, snacks and meat.
While items still require packaging, everything is housed inside reusable or recyclable containers made of glass, metal or cardboard. The unique idea was given to the grocery-chain officials by UK-based environmental group A Plastic Planet, which takes the lead to advocate for at least one plastic-free aisle in supermarkets around the globe. The non-profit has even created a signature “plastic-free” mark to help consumers identify eco-friendly packaging. “This is a consumer-led campaign,” said a group co-founder Sian Sutherland. “We’re a grassroots organization. So obviously we’re working with industry and the government, but most importantly, we represent the public.”
Ekoplaza, which plans to roll out the plastic-free aisles across its 74 stores by the end of the year, is not the only company trying to reduce plastic waste. In Berlin, the Original Unverpackt grocery store has been trying to change customer habits since 2014 by selling everything, from grains to produce and even soaps without plastic packaging. The supermarket, which requires customers to bring their own reusable containers, even sells chewable toothpaste that needs no tubes.
Though it is encouraging to see companies trying to make a difference, for real change to happen, consumers have to avoid products encased in plastics, even if it means giving up their favorite food or drink. As Sutherland put it, “Plastic food and drink packaging remains useful and yet a destructive presence on the earth for centuries afterwards.”
1. What does Ekoplaza want to do by setting up a plastic-free aisle?A.Cut down managing cost. | B.Reduce plastic-packaging. |
C.Make shopping much easier. | D.Increase the amount of sales. |
A.Consumers. | B.Supermarkets. |
C.Organizations. | D.Companies. |
A.It will be of no use to consumers. | B.It will exist for a long time. |
C.It will disappear in this century. | D.It will replace other containers. |
A.Plastics are Harmful to the Environment. |
B.Non-profits Can Help the Supermarkets. |
C.Consumers Should Change Shopping Habits. |
D.Supermarkets Take Action for a Cleaner Planet. |
【推荐1】Finland is the happiest place on Earth, according to the 2018 World Happiness Report of 156 nations.
The report, released Wednesday by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Solutions Network, ranks the countries of the world based on six different categories of well-being: income, freedom, trust, life expectancy, generosity and social support. This year's report also pays special attention to the happiness of each country’s immigrants.
The U.S. dropped four spots from 2017 and landed in 18th place, and last year’s winner, Norway, came in second place — followed by Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland.Rounding out the top 10 happiest countries was Canada in sixth place, then New Zealand, Sweden and Australia. The order of the top 10 nations changed from the 2017 list but the countries did not, according to the report.
“The most striking finding of the report is the remarkable consistency between the happiness of immigrants and the locally born,” Helliwell said in a statement. “Although immigrants come from countries with very different levels of happiness, their reported life evaluations resemble those of other residents in their new countries. Those who move to happier countries gain, while those who move to less happy countries lose.”
Other major world powers placed in significantly low spots on the list. Germany came in 15th, the UK was 19th — followed by Japan in 54th place, Russia in 59th and China in 86th.
The report, based on surveys completed by citizen volunteers, came just under a week before World Happiness Day on March 20, when the UN declared to recognize “the relevance of happiness and well-being as universal goals and aspirations in the lives of human beings around the world and the importance of their recognition in public policy objectives”.
1. The US ranked in 2017.A.14 | B.10 |
C.18 | D.22 |
A.That immigrants are different from residents in the country. |
B.That immigrants come from countries with different levels of happiness. |
C.That immigrants become happy when they leave the country. |
D.That immigrants and locals feel the similar level of happiness. |
A.Happiness is no less important than any other aspect in life. |
B.People’s happiness and well-being should be considered when it comes to policy-making. |
C.The happiness report came under a week before World Happiness Day. |
D.What the UN declared was beneficial to all human beings. |
A.World Happiness Day. | B.Happiness — forever pursuit. |
C.What's your happiness index(指数)? | D.The 2018 World Happiness Report. |
【推荐2】The European Union on Monday prohibited (禁止) the use of X-ray body scanners (扫描仪) in European airports, parting ways with the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which has used hundreds of the scanners as a way to screen millions of airline passengers for explosives (爆炸物) hidden under clothing.
The European Commission, which enforces common policies of the EU’s member countries, adopted the rule “in order not to risk doing harm to citizens’ health and safety”.
As a PBS News Hour investigation detailed earlier this month, X-ray body scanners use ionizing radiation (电离辐射), a form of energy that has been shown to damage DNA and cause cancer. Although the amount of radiation is extremely low, equal to the radiation a person would receive in a few minutes of flying, several research studies have concluded that a small number of cancer cases would result from scanning hundreds of millions of passengers a year.
European countries will be allowed to use an alternative (可替代的) body scanner relying on radio frequency waves, which have not been linked to cancer. The U.S. TSA has also used hundreds of those machines—known as millimeter-wave scanners—in U.S. airports. But unlike Europe, it has decided to use both types of scanners.
The TSA would not comment specifically on the EU’s decision. But in a statement, TSA spokesman Mike McCarthy said, “As one of our many layers of security, TSA uses the most advanced technology available to provide the best opportunity to detect (探测) dangerous items, such as explosives.” “We strictly test our technology to ensure it meets our high detection and safety standards before it is placed in airports,” he continued, “Since January 2010, advanced imaging technology has detected more than 300 dangerous or illegal items on passengers in U.S. airports nationwide.”
Body scanners have been controversial (有争议的) in the United States since they were first used in prisons in the late 1990s and then in airports for tests after 9·11.
1. Why did the European Union prohibit the use of X-ray scanners in European airports?A.Because they rely on radio frequency waves. |
B.Because they might do harm to passengers. |
C.Because they are not effective in use. |
D.Because their radiation is extremely high. |
A.They won’t risk causing cancer. |
B.They use ionizing radiation. |
C.They are not used in U.S. airports. |
D.They can detect more dangerous items. |
A.The TSA will stop using the X-ray scanners. |
B.The TSA won’t use EU’s alternative scanners. |
C.The X-ray scanners are safe and effective. |
D.The EU’s alternative scanners are not advanced. |
A.The EU and the U.S. have different opinions. |
B.Europe bans X-ray body scanners used at U.S. airports. |
C.Different scanners will be used in America. |
D.Body scanners have been controversial. |
【推荐3】When sorting through the apples at the grocery store, you see an ugly, strange-looking apple. Whether it’s a strange color, has spots, or is a strange shape, you wonder how it made it onto the shelves. Who would buy and eat this? Most people would not buy ugly produce. That is why it is rare to see ugly-shaped fruit or off-colored vegetables. So what happens to this produce?
Data have shown that 20%—40% of fruits and vegetables are rejected even before they reach grocery stores. And even more are rejected on site, because grocery stores and companies have incredibly high standards for what their produce should look like. That includes color, shape, size, weight, and length. And the food that doesn’t meet these standards is thrown away. There are incredibly strict laws about food donation that actually makes it illegal to donate food that doesn’t meet standards that are similar to those of the grocery store as well as laws that restrict this food from being used as animal feed.
Besides, 10% of rich countries greenhouse gas emissions come from food that was grown and never eaten. Food waste not only contributes to climate change, but also food insecurity and extreme poverty. As stated above, in the greatest food wasting countries, there are laws that confine produce from being donated to people in need.
By reducing food waste, a third of the world’s entire food supply could be saved. That’s enough to feed 3 billion people. Also, by reducing food waste, farmers all over the world could sell more of their produce and inspire their rural, agricultural economies. There are many ways to get involved in ending food waste! You can participate in advocacy events hosted nearby like with Feedback Global, who hosts an event called “Feeding the 5000” where they seek to feed 5000 people with food that would have otherwise been wasted. Encourage your local grocer to sell ugly produce. Food is food!
1. Why is ugly-shaped fruit rarely seen at the grocery store?A.It is not tasty or nutritious. | B.Farmers would not plant it. |
C.Most people are not fond of it. | D.Few people choose to purchase it. |
A.They are consumed. | B.They are donated. |
C.They are wasted. | D.They are buried. |
A.Refuse. | B.Restrict. | C.Contact. | D.Protect. |
A.Ugly fruit could lead to a prettier world |
B.Food waste makes 3 billion people in poverty |
C.Feedback Global is seeking to feed 5000 people |
D.More people should get involved in ending food waste |
【推荐1】A race is on in solar engineering to create almost impossibly-thin, flexible solar panels. Stanford University researchers announced they have achieved record efficiencies in a promising class of new materials—which can be thinner than a piece of paper.
According to the study published in the journal Nature Communications, it uses a new material called “transition metal dichalcogenides” (TMDs). They absorb incredibly high volumes of sunlight that reach their surface compared to other solar materials.
“Imagine an autonomous drone (无人机) that powers itself with a solar panel atop its wing that is less than six micrometers thick.” said Koosha Nassiri Nazif, co-lead author of the study.
Slimming down is necessary because the king of solar materials, silicon, is much too heavy, large and rigid for applications where flexibility, lightweight and high power are important and excellent.
While TMDs hold great promise, research experiments to date have struggled to change more than 2% of the sunlight they absorb into electricity. But the scientists believe they could practically reach 27% efficiency with electrical improvements. That would be comparable with today’s top solar panels, silicon included.
Nazif told Forbes that the new materials are great candidates for next-generation electronics and solar cells. Chipmakers like Intel and the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company are already considering TMDs for their future technology. They could be used in a variety of mobile applications, including self-powered wearable devices and sensors, as well as giving a boost to lightweight airplanes and electric cars.
The ultra-thinness does come with engineering challenges, primarily in mass production. When transferring such a layer of TMD to a flexible, supporting material, the TMD layer is frequently damaged.
But the team thinks it is possible to overcome these challenges. Should they succeed, it could change solar power as we know it. “Silicon makes up 95 percent of the solar market today.” Nazif told Forbes. “This is why we aren’t seeing these applications for solar cells today; TMDs are going to change the landscape.”
1. What is the biggest advantage of TMDs now?A.They have the quality of remarkable thinness. |
B.They can efficiently turn sunlight into energy. |
C.They are comparable to top silicon panels. |
D.They have excellent ability to reflect sunlight. |
A.The appeal of TMDs to chipmakers. | B.The expectation for future tech. |
C.The wide applications of solar energy. | D.The future prospects of TMDs. |
A.They could power all mobile devices. | B.They could be a competitive alternative. |
C.They will revolutionize the energy market. | D.They will be produced on a large scale soon. |
A.Most Efficient Solar Panels Have Hit the Market. |
B.Stanford Scientists Develop a New Green Material. |
C.TMDs Could Be Used for Lightweight Solar Panels. |
D.Challenges Are to Be Overcome to Promote TMDs. |
【推荐2】Vast stretches of America are dominated by corn, nearly 100m acres of it, stretching from Ohio to the Dakotas. What once was forest or open prairie (大草原) today produces the corn that feeds people, cattle and, when made into ethanol (乙醇), cars.
Now, the nation’s airlines want to power their planes with corn, too. Their ambitious goal would likely require nearly doubling ethanol production, which airlines say would slash their greenhouse gas emissions. If they succeed, it could transform America’s Corn Belt yet again, boosting farmers and ethanol producers alike, but also potentially further damaging one of the nation’s most important resources: groundwater.
Corn is a water-intensive crop and it can take hundreds of gallons to produce a single gallon of ethanol. But as airlines embrace the idea of ethanol, prompting lobbyists (游说者) for ethanol makers and corn growers alike to push for clean-energy tax credits in Washington, vital aquifers (地下水层) face serious risks. “We’re on track to massively increase water usage without any real sense of how sensitive our aquifers are, “ said Jeffrey Broberg, who is concerned about groundwater in Minnesota. a major corn state, where he is a water-use consultant and founder of the Minnesota Well Owners Organization.
United Airlines this veal signed a deal with a Nebraska ethanol company to buy enough sustainable aviation fuel as the biofuel is known, to power 50, 000 flights a year. In August, Delta announced a plan to create a sustainable fuel hub(中心) in Minnesota. The Biden administration could decide on its tax incentives (激励) for the industry as soon as December. “Mark my words, the next 20 years, farmers are going to provide 95% of all the sustainable airline fuel, ’’President Biden said in July.
This year a New York Times data investigation found that groundwater is being dangerously exhausted nationwide, largely by agricultural overuse. As climate change makes rainfall less reliable and intensifies droughts, rising demand for ethanol could put even more pressure on America’s fragile aquifers to be used for irrigation.
1. What does the underlined word “slash” mean in paragraph 2?A.Increase. | B.Decrease. | C.Maintain. | D.Transform. |
A.Decreased water usage. |
B.Increased reliance on aquifers. |
C.A boost in clean-energy tax credits. |
D.Expansion of. corn production. |
A.Farmers will double their ethanol production. |
B.The sustainable aviation fuel will not gain popularity in the future. |
C.Farmers will play a major part in the sustainable aviation fuel industry. |
D.The Biden administration opposes the new aviation fuel to protect the aquifers. |
A.The Biden administration’s attitude to the corn and ethanol industry. |
B.Using corn-based ethanol can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
C.Groundwater resources are being dangerously exhausted due to agricultural overuse. |
D.Using corn-based ethanol in aviation may lead to increased groundwater exhaustion. |
【推荐3】Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
1. What is the general idea of the first paragraph?A.All American kids get less sleep. |
B.American kids have bad habits. |
C.Most Americans kids get less sleep and the bad influence of it. |
D.American kids feel asleep in class. |
A.When you sleep depends on your age. |
B.Most children watch TV before they sleep. |
C.Some children are lacking in sleep. |
D.Adults will be healthier if they get more sleep. |
A.They get too excited before 11p.m. |
B.Hormones get high at night. |
C.Their bodies develop adult characteristics. |
D.They may watch too much TV. |
A.Urging them to sleep earlier. |
B.Not allowing them to watch TV before sleep. |
C.Getting up later than before. |
D.Not going to school earlier. |
A.Objective | B.Indifferent |
C.Positive | D.Negative |