【推荐1】Online deception is now so commonplace that criminal gangs are using it as part of a wider range of activities to make money out of the public. “There’s been a rapid normalisation of online as people see how _____ it can be. You see the industry adjusting to fight against that,” says Downey, security lead at payment company Braintree.

This was made _____ in May this year when there was an unparalleled attack on thousands of computer systems around the world, after a worm, named WannaCry, attacked computers in more than 150 countries, with payments of $300-$600 to restore access. There were an estimated 45,000 attacks across the UK, Russia, Ukraine, India, China, Italy, Egypt and beyond, with major companies _____.

One of the reasons these attacks spread so ______ is that businesses and consumers don’t update their software on a regular basis. Downey _____ it to a situation in which a car is left in a garage and a thief tries all of the doors to see if one has been left unlocked: “People don’t realize they are leaving that proverbial car unlocked because they don’t understand the nature of these _____attacks.”

At the heart of the problem is the ___of organized crime. “Criminals can also be an expert at business. They don’t want just one trick to bring in all of their income; it may be _____, they may have a slow month and then they’ll have a cashflow problem,” says Downey.

Hacks and the threat of information theft have led to a(n)_____ of e-commerce among some of the population, says Downey. To fight that unease, simple measures need to be adopted by retailers(零售商) in order to maintain the public’s trust.______, this can be achieved by ensuring they create a trustworthy environment for consumers, such as by serving websites through SSL, which establishes a secure and connection between the ______ and business.

But for both businesses and consumers, one simple thing remains ______: those who can keep both their security up to date and their passwords secure will be ahead of the crowd, says Downey. “You will then be far ahead of the curve of the average business or consumer.”

So don’t use variations of one password on lots of _____. If criminals hack a database with your log-in permit, they will then be able to ____ your passwords on other accounts. Make sure your passwords have lots of characters and include numbers, symbols and capital letters.______ obvious dictionary words, and importantly make each of your passwords completely different.

【推荐2】Communication, One Major Part of the Scientific Method

Scientists may feel it their duty to share their guesses, methods, and findings with the rest of the scientific community. This sharing serves two _______. First, it supports the basic deal of skepticism(怀疑论)by making it possible for others to say, “Oh, yeah? Let me check that.” It tells others where to see what the scientist saw, and what techniques and tools to use. Second, it gets the word out so that others can use what has been discovered. This is essential because science is a(n) _______ efforts. People who work thousands of miles apart build with and upon each other’s discoveries.

The communication of science begins with “peer review”, a process of _______ an author’s scholarly work, research or ideas to the inspection of other experts. It typically has three stages. The first occurs when a scientists seeks funding - from government agencies, foundations, or other _______ -- to carry out a research program. He or she must prepare a report describing the intended work, laying out background, hypotheses(假设), planned experiments, expected results, and even the _______ impacts on other fields. Committees of other scientists then _______ the report to see whether the scientist knows his or her area, has the necessary abilities, and is realistic in his or her plans.

Once the scientist has the needed _______, has done the work, and has written a report of the results, that report will go to a scientific journal. Before publishing the report, the journal’s editors will show it to other workers in the same or _______ fields and ask whether the work was done adequately, the conclusions are justified, and the report should be published.

The third stage of peer review happens are publication, when the broader scientific community gets to see and _______ the work.

This three-stage quality-control process can, of course, be faulty. Any scientist with independent wealth can ________ the first stage quite easily but such scientists are much, much rarer today than they were a century or so ago. Those who remain are the object of envy. ________ , it is fair to say that they are not disapproved as were those who avoid the latter two stages of the “peer review” mechanisms by using press conferences.

On the other hand, it is certainly possible for the standard peer review mechanisms to ________. By their nature, these mechanisms are more likely to ________ ideas that are not different from what the reviewers think they already know. Yet the un-traditional or unconventional ideas are not ________ wrong, as Alfred Wegener proved when he tried to gain ________ for the idea of continental drift in the early twentieth century. It was not until the 1960s that most geologists accepted his ideas as genuine insights.

【推荐3】Sometimes you may feel like you are studying a mad rush of one subject after another. When things happen at such a________ pace, it is easy to lose sight of what you are learning. It is important to________ every now and then to think about what you' ve been learning.

Self reflection means putting an end to the mad rush and________ yourself, so your brain can evaluate what it has already________. Some people prefer to do their self reflections________, while others keep a journal. Either method can work, depending on what your own personal________ is.

School textbooks are often divided into units. This can make it________ for someone to begin the process of self reflection. Watch for the times when you complete a unit of study .Sometimes you are reminded that the unit is ________ because there is some kind of test or quiz. Use these natural________ as opportunities to stop and reflect.

You should find a________ place-anywhere without distraction is OK. This can even be sitting at your desk at school when you finish something________ and the other students are still working. If you are going to take notes, take out your journal. Write down some notes on things that you________ learned in this unit. Let your mind think about the notes you have written and make some________.

Sometimes just pause to think deeply________ new information can quickly appear when you________   it again. Next, think about things that you still wonder about. ________ maybe you learned about a certain body system, but you don't________ how it works with the other body systems. Maybe you learned a new way to solve a math problem, but you're not sure when to use it. Writing down your________ will help you remember to continue seeking answers the next time you________ the same topic.

Self reflection is an essential skill for a________ student. If you have never taken the time to reflect, try it now.

【推荐1】A trending new addition to travel destinations around the world is freezing-yet-beautiful Alaska. The poles, the dancing lights, and the winter wonderlands have always attracted extreme travelers—but this time, there is more than the magical draw of the _______ that is inviting people up towards the corners of the globe: climate change.

There’s a strange form of climate anxiety, which is driving more people to places and sights that may _______ to exist in the coming years or decades. Alaska _______ the list of climate-tempted travel destinations. The northern and otherwise-serene Alaskan village of Kaktovik _______ a major boom in tourism last year, as over 2,000 people appeared on its lightly _______ gravel(砂砾) and snowy streets. Until earlier in the decade, local news reports say, the village had fewer than 50 annual visitors. The main _______ now are polar bears, which are being forced into towns by a warming planet and the shrinking Arctic sea ice. All the heating is making it far easier for wildlife _______ and effortless bear selfies. Most visitors are reportedly from China, Europe, or the USA, often arriving on fuel-consuming chartered planes.

Around the mid-1990s, researchers began _______ more female bears denning(筑巢) on land instead of in the ice. And seasons of tourism match up with changing bear behavior. It peaks in autumn (which is also far warmer and breezier than the forthcoming winter—and climate change is making things more pleasant in general) when sea ice is far from the shore, and bears can become _______ on the land until the sea freezes again in winter.

A report in the Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment found, “Alaska has warmed more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the United States.” This year, alarming temperatures were reported from Alaska. Every day since April 25 saw above ____________ temperatures, the longest streak in a century.

While bears have their charm, melting glaciers are a landscape in their own right. With ____________ like the recent one that glaciers could be melting at 100 times faster than ____________ thought, the number of tourists on ice seems to be going up consistently. Alaska’s tour companies have reported an extraordinary increase—and the number of polar cruises reportedly went up 33 percent in the last decade. Some glaciers have been marked by the rate of melt for tourists to watch and imagine the ____________ from where they stand, much like visitors to the Berlin wall picture the past. As the landscape changes, tour companies have had to ____________ their regular routes and hikes too—some glaciers that had ____________ by foot only a decade ago can now only be reached by helicopter.

【推荐3】Sharks have lived in the oceans for over 450 million years, long before dinosaurs appeared. There are now about 360 _______of sharks, whose size, behavior, and other characteristics differ widely.

Every year, we catch and kill over 100 million sharks, _______for food and for their fins. Dried shark fins are used to make shark fin soup, which sells for as much as $50 a bowl in fine Hong Kong _______ Other sharks are killed for sport and out of fear. Sharks are vulnerable(脆弱的) to overfishing because it _______most species 10 to 15 years to begin reproducing and they produce only a few offspring.

_______ by movies and popular novels, most people see sharks as people-eating monsters. This is far from the _______ Every year, a few types of shark injure about 100 people worldwide and kill about 25. Most _______are by great white sharks, which often feed on sea lions and other marine mammals. They sometimes mistake human swimmers for their normal prey, _______ if they are wearing black wet suits.

If you are a typical ocean-goer, your _______of being killed by an unprovoked(无缘无故的) attack by a shark are about 1 in 100 million. You are more ________ to be killed by a pig than a shark and thousands of times more likely to get killed when you drive a car.

Sharks help ________ human lives. In addition to providing people with food, they are helping us learn how to ________ cancer, bacteria, and viruses. Sharks are very healthy and have aging processes similar to ours. Their highly effective immune system ________wounds to heal quickly without becoming infected, and their blood is being studied in connection with AIDS research.

Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost ________ get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human ________ Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals.