Flash droughts develop fast, and when they hit at the wrong time, they can ruin a region’s agriculture. They’re also becoming increasingly common as the planet warms. In a study published in the journal Communications Earth& Environment, we found that the risk of flash droughts, which can develop in just a few weeks, is on the rise in every major agricultural region around the world in the coming decades.
In North America and Europe, cropland that had a 32% annual chance of a flash drought a few years ago could have a greater chance of a flash drought by the final decades of this century. That result would put food production, energy, and water supplies under increasing pressure. The cost of change will also rise. A flash drought in the Dakotas and Montana 2017 caused $2.6 billion in agricultural damage in America alone.
All droughts begin when rainfall stops. What’s interesting about flash droughts is how fast they strengthen themselves, with some help from the warming climate. When the weather is hot and dry, soil loses moisture rapidly. Dry air extracts moisture from the land, and rising temperatures can increase this evaporative (蒸发的) demand. The lack of rain during a flash drought can further contribute to the feedback processes. Under these conditions, crops and vegetation begin to die much more quickly than they do during typical long-term droughts.
In our study, we used climate models and data from the past 170 years to assess the drought risks ahead under three conditions for how quickly the world takes action to slow the pace of global warming. If greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles, power plants, and other human sources continue at a high rate, we found that cropland in much of North America and Europe would have a 53% annual chance of flash droughts, by the final decades of this century. Globally, the largest increases in flash droughts would be in Europe and the Amazon. Slowing emissions can reduce the risk significantly, but we found flash droughts would still increase by about 6% worldwide under low emission conditions.
1. What is the feature of flash droughts?A.Seldom happen and greatly beneficial. | B.Frequently happen and low risky. |
C.Suddenly happen and highly destructive. | D.Regularly happen and slightly harmful. |
A.Crops and vegetation die more quickly during long term droughts. |
B.Slowing emissions can completely solve the problem of flash droughts. |
C.In Europe cropland will suffer from more flash droughts by the end of this century. |
D.Flash droughts won’t have any effect on food production, energy, and water supplies. |
A.Adequate rainfall. | B.The warming climate. |
C.The cold and wet weather. | D.Long-term droughts. |
A.By studying climate models. | B.By speeding up global warming. |
C.By changing cropland into forests. | D.By decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. |
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【推荐1】California’s snowpack is more than two-and-a-half times larger than average (平均水平) right now, according to the state’s Department of Water Resources. As the weather gets warmer, it’s going to melt (融化). Scientists say there’s no question we need the snow.
“The melting of snow has always been important every single year in California,” said scientist Dr. Pat Abbott.
This comes as the latest U.S. Drought Monitor report shows almost two-thirds of the state is not experiencing drought (干旱), a huge improvement over the past few months. Unluckily, the snowpack can’t make certain that we’ll stay that way.
“Drought is part of California,” said Dr. Abbott. “We’ve had a temporary respite. That doesn’t mean it has gone away completely. It will be back sooner than we would like.”
The snow can be a valuable protection against wildfires, but only if it melts slowly. “Plants stay healthy. They have taken in enough water and are less likely to catch on fire for a longer time,” said Dr. Abbott. “If it becomes too hot, say in early June, and all that snow is melted and gone, the plants don’t get more water and start drying out. By the time we get to the end of the summer, it’s easier for them to catch fire. The bigger the fires are, the greater the challenge is for our firefighters.”
A quick melt can also flood places near the Sierra Nevada (a mountain range in eastern California) that got more rain than they could deal with this winter. That includes places like Tulare Lake (in the Central Valley of California), which was dry for years until this winter. Now, it’s more than 100 square miles in size and flooding communities around it.
The area is expecting even more flooding when the snowpack melts. But Dr. Abbott says floods like this are a necessary risk for water the state has needed for years. “The snow we’ve gotten this winter is highly positive,” said Dr. Abbott. “On the other side, nothing is ever 100%.” Dr. Abbott says the snow is also helping to fill Northern California’s man-made lake, which helps provide water we need.
1. What do the underlined words “temporary respite” in paragraph 4 mean?A.Close look. | B.Short break. | C.Clear goal. | D.Long history. |
A.The snow’s melting speed matters. |
B.It is costly to reduce the risk of wildfires. |
C.Some plants died because it was too dry. |
D.Plants will be hurt if the snow melts slowly. |
A.It calls for more attention. |
B.It does good to California. |
C.It may cause unnecessary worries. |
D.It will cause danger in the long run. |
A.California’s snowpack: a wonderful view |
B.Snowpack in California: a record snowfall |
C.Snowpack in California: advantages and risks |
D.California’s snowpack: the past and the present |
【推荐2】Earthquake can strike without warning. But many injuries and deaths from this kind of natural disaster can be prevented if people follow these safety tips.
If you’re inside a building, stay there! One of the most dangerous things to do in an earthquake is to try to leave a building. But do remember: do it carefully.
If you are trapped in ruins, cover your mouth with a handkerchief or a piece of clothing. Use your cell phone to call for help if possible. Don’t shout.
Be prepared for aftershocks.
A.Don’t park your car under a tree or any tall object. |
B.Don’t move about or kick up dust. |
C.They can happen in the first hours after the earthquake. |
D.If you’re outside, go to an open space. |
E.Take a good hold of your cell phone in the building. |
F.Most injuries happen when people inside buildings try to go out. |
G.Shouting can cause you to breathe in dust. |
【推荐3】Scientists are racing to study the volcano in Tonga that erupted just before sundown on January 15, 2022.
“Everything so far about this eruption is really strange,” said Janine Krippner, a scientist with Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program. “The sound of the explosion, the tsunami (海啸) waves that followed the eruption and the huge energy of this explosion, which equals to five to six million tons of TNT, are unlike any seen in recent decades.”
The sound of the latest eruption could be heard on distant shores around the world. According to Geoff Kilgour, a scientist from New Zealand, water likely has had a hand in it. “Perhaps the recent explosion had just the right mix of magma (岩浆) and water. Either more or less would have led to a quieter explosion,” he said.
The tsunami waves that followed the eruption were even stranger. Tsunami waves usually start from the center of the eruption. Yet this time, waves appeared in other places, such as the Caribbean, far earlier than would be expected of a classic tsunami. In addition, as tsunami waves travel further, they usually become weaker. While the waves that hit the islands in Tonga were damaging, they weren’t high enough to account for the surprisingly larger waves across the ocean.
Although many of the volcanoes in deep oceans usually aren’t deadly, the recent event reminds us that how dangerous they can be and that how little we know about them.
However, monitoring underwater volcanoes is a complex task. GPS—which is frequently used to track changes in the surface as magma moves underground—doesn’t work on the seafloor. And obtaining real-time data from seismometers (地震检波器) on the ocean floor is expensive and technologically difficult.
The situation in Tonga has also shown how well the Tonga Geological Services (TGS) has dealt with the latest eruption. “They don’t have a huge amount of money. They don’t have a huge amount of staff,” Janine Krippner added. “But they’re asked to do a huge amount and they have done a really nice job to reduce the possible damages.”
1. What can we infer from the second paragraph?A.The volcano was very destructive. |
B.The eruption was predicted correctly. |
C.The explosion was unexpectedly quiet. |
D.Scientists knew nothing about volcanoes. |
A.They were surprisingly low across the ocean. |
B.They became weaker as they traveled further. |
C.They started from the center of the eruption. |
D.They appeared earlier in other faraway places. |
A.It is very expensive to build more GPS stations. |
B.There are too few scientists hired for the research. |
C.It is too difficult and expensive to get data on time. |
D.The undersea volcanoes are too dangerous to be studied. |
A.Skeptical. | B.Positive. |
C.Unconcerned. | D.Critical. |
【推荐1】It is reported that rail industry bosses are planning to phase out paper train tickets and shut almost 1 ,000 station ticket offices in England. The government says nothing has been decided. But the transport secretary, Grant Shapps, points out some stations sell only a handful of tickets each week and the vast majority of transactions( 交易) have moved online.
Regardless of the outcome of the plan, the direction of travel is clear. In the name of modernization and cost-cutting, station ticket offices are likely to follow many high street bank branches and rural post offices into memory. For those who have grown used to the advantages of organizing travel via a smartphone, there will be little to mourn( 哀悼). But for people without online access or skills, another small social barrier will have emerged. A recent report estimated that around 6% of households—1.5m homes—have no internet access. Millions more of us remain irregular and unconfident users of the internet. Most likely, as digital technology becomes the gatekeeper to everyday life, a significant minority risks being left behind.
The shift online is unavoidable, but its fallout needs to be managed with more care. Technology should not be allowed to drive people to the side of their own lives, as anecdotal evidence suggests is increasingly the case. Ros Altmann, the former pensions minister, recently wrote of being contacted by an elderly woman who no longer drives to her local park, because she cannot download the car parking app required.
The debate over ticket offices offers an opportunity to reflect more broadly on the increasing role of technology in our social landscape. Clearly, much more needs to be invested in helping marginalized(边缘化的) groups gain easy online access. Alternative offline options must be maintained for important services. Contactable telephone numbers and staffed public access points should always be available. This will cost more. But that is the price of being fair to those who find themselves on the wrong side of the digital divide.
1. What forces the rail industry to phase out paper train tickets?A.Costs of internet access. | B.Closure of station ticket offices. |
C.Sharp decline of offline transactions. | D.Government’s efforts to digitize the industry. |
A.Rural post offices. | B.Irregular internet users. |
C.Unconfident households. | D.High Street bank branches. |
A.By giving an example. | B.By making a comparison. |
C.By citing research data. | D.By offering statistical analysis. |
A.Taking the digital divide fairly. | B.Maintaining a diversity of service. |
C.Investing more in public transport. | D.Slowing down the pace of modernization. |
【推荐2】While you might not realize it, the environment where you sleep can make a great difference in the actual quality of sleep that you get every night. With a few simple lifestyle changes, you can create a healthy sleep environment that helps improve your sleep quality.
Go to bed and get up at the same time every day, even on weekends, holidays and days off. Studies show that people who do so are more rested than those who sleep irregularly (不规律地).
Go to sleep only when you start to feel sleepy. If you don’t fall asleep within about 15 minutes, get up and do something relaxing. Go back to bed when you are tired.
Pay attention to what you eat and drink. Don’t go to bed either hungry or stuffed. Your discomfort might keep you up. Avoid caffeine (咖啡因) 6 hours before you sleep. Having a cup of coffee within a few hours of bed time can keep you awake for hours when you are trying to sleep. Coffee isn’t the only product containing caffeine. Avoid chocolate and tea, too. Also limit how much you drink before bed to prevent trips to the toilet at night.
Many people turn on the TV before they go to bed. TV influences your natural sleep habits by making you stay up longer than you usually would, especially if you are watching something exciting. Instead of turning on the TV, read a book. Light reading before bed can help you fall into a deep sleep quickly.
If you suffer from serious sleep problems, go to your doctor. Your doctor will help treat the problems or may advise you to see a sleep specialist.
1. What should you do to make sure you have a good sleep at weekends according to the text?A.Get up a bit later than usual. | B.Go to bed at a regular time. |
C.Watch some relaxing TV programs. | D.Avoid drinking coffee or tea in the day. |
A.To drink some water. | B.To do some light reading. |
C.To listen to light music. | D.To get up and relax. |
A.Having slept too much. | B.Having eaten too much. |
C.Feeling too sad. | D.Feeling too tired. |
A.What to do before going to bed. | B.The importance of sleeping well. |
C.How to improve your sleep quality. | D.The relationship between sleep and lifestyle. |
【推荐3】When you drink a glass of water or take a shower, think of glaciers. Why? Glaciers contain at least 75 percent of Earth’s fresh water-much more than all our planet’s lakes and rivers combined.
Glaciers grow by adding a new layer of snow each year. It’s easy for scientists to see the annual layers in an ice core by lighting it from beneath. They can then count the layers to determine the age of any section…much like you can count tree rings to determine a tree’s age.
Glaciers form by the accumulation, press and recrystallization of snow. It requires very specific conditions of climate and geography, which means that they are found in or high mountain regions where snowfall is heavy in winter, temperatures stay below freezing for long periods, and summers are cool.
“Hot” ice! Is that possible? Actually, ice is one of the hottest solids in existence, for it is unsteady and easy to melt when heated. Glaciers are always moving, but because ice is hot, they like liquids rather than solids. They slide over the ground on melt-water, a very thin layer of water from melted ice, and “creep” when their icy layers glide over one another because of their weight. Different parts of the same glacier slide or creep at different speeds. The center moves more rapidly than the sides; the surface moves more rapidly than the bottom, because the sides and bottom are restricted by friction. Most glaciers move several feet per year, while others “race” a few miles.
Unfortunately, glaciers are shrinking throughout the world. Melting glaciers will raise sea levels, forcing people to move from low-lying areas.
1. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph3?A.The change of glaciers. | B.The press of glaciers. |
C.The accumulation of glaciers. | D.The forming of glaciers. |
A.Because it keeps sliding or creeping. | B.Because it is close to its melting point. |
C.Because it absorbs too much sunshine. | D.Because the surrounding temperature is low. |
A.They are spreading. | B.They are disappearing. |
C.They are rising. | D.They are racing. |
A.The History of Glaciers. | B.The Development of Glaciers. |
C.The Secrets about Glaciers. | D.The Danger Glaciers are facing. |