It’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is becoming hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity.”
You may not believe that humans could change the planet’s climate, but the basic science is well understood. Each year, billions of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere because of human activity. As has been known for years, these gases hold heat that would otherwise escape to space, wrapping the planet in an invisible blanket.
Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes.
Even if scientists did discover another reasonable explanation for the warming recorded so far, that would give birth to a difficult question. As Robert Henson puts it: “If some newly discovered factor is to blame for the climate change, then why aren’t carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases producing the warming that basic physics tells us they should be?”
The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global warming would be to run an experiment with two identical Earths-one with human influence and one without. That obviously isn’t possible, and so most scientists are careful not to state human influence as an absolute certainty.
The text is developed by ________.
A.giving typical examples |
B.following the order of space |
C.comparing and finding differences |
D.analyzing a theory and arguing it |
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【推荐1】Nearly every nation is coming up short — most of them far short — in their efforts to fight climate change, and the world is unlikely to hold warning to the internationally agreed-upon limit, according to a new scientific report.
Gambia, a tiny country in Africa, is the only nation that is cutting emissions (排放) and taking up its share of actions to keep the world from exceeding the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting warming to 1.5℃ above preindustrial times, according to the report. Only one industrialized nation — the United Kingdom—is even close to doing what it should to cut emissions of heat-trapping gases and finance clean energy for poorer nations, the Climate Action Tracker(CAT)reported.
Enough nations promised big enough carbon pollution cuts that the CAT said the “emissions gap” — the difference between emissions projections (预测) with the promises and what’s required to meet the 1.5-degree goal — dropped by 11%.
“That momentum (势头) has not been maintained,” said Bill Hare, report co-author and CEO of Climate Analytics. “We’re running short of countries stepping up with additional emission commitments to close the gap.”
Unlike its previous reports, which just looked at promises to cut carbon pollution and policy changes, the new ratings include money issues. Finance is critical to climate negotiations this fall in Scotland, so the report examined commitments by rich nations to help pay for clean energy for poor nations, according to Hare.
That hurt the United States and European Union rankings. The report called efforts by the United States, the European Union, Germany and Japan “insufficient” and more in line with global warming of 3℃ since the late 19th century. The world has already warmed by 1.1℃ since that time, so these countries will make the world 1.9℃ warmer than it is now.
Hare said Brazil and Mexico “went backwards” on their fight to control warming. The report lists Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Thailand at the bottom.
1. What does the underlined word “exceeding” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Limiting. | B.Changing. | C.Working towards. | D.Going beyond. |
A.The global warming will be soon controlled. |
B.Global nations are struggling to bridge “emissions gap”. |
C.More countries are needed to solve the global climate change. |
D.Many nations keep the promises of carbon pollution reduction. |
A.Additional emission. | B.Climate negotiations. | C.Smaller population. | D.Insufficient funds. |
A.Economy. | B.Environment. | C.Technology. | D.Entertainment. |
【推荐2】Most people can't wait for spring to arrive. It means flowers and warmer weather, all welcome changes from the dark winter days. Now we know that spring is arriving sooner in the Northern Hemisphere (北半球)than it was in the past, thanks to a study published in Scientific Reports.
For example, Los Angeles may experience spring only a day earlier than it did 10 years ago, but further north, in Seattle or Chicago, spring will arrive four days earlier. If you lived in the Arctic, spring could arrive 16 days earlier than it used to.
To determine how springtime is starting earlier, researchers looked at temperature records and 743 earlier studies over 86 years. These studies were about various biological indicators of spring, including birds migrating, plants flowering and amphibians(两栖动物)sounding their mating calls. Researchers then studied these data to see if they were occurring earlier. The result showed that not only is spring making itself known sooner but it's warmer, too.
Before you go out in a happy springtime hike, spring arriving sooner isn't so good. The livelihood of migratory birds, for instance, may be concerned.
“The food that birds rely on when they move to the north might not be reliable if the beginning of spring at these higher latitudes(维度)is expanded by future warming." said Eric Post. He is a fellow of the John Muir Institute and a polar ecologist.
Animals relying on Arctic sea ice, like polar bears, probably aren't crazy about things warming up sooner, either, because it impacts on their ability to hunt. Spring's early arrival could cause disorder in the delicate balance of various ecosystems~~not to mention how soon you'll need to buy allergy medicine.
1. We learn from the study published in Scientific Reports that.A.spring comes earliest in Los Angeles |
B.Los Angeles is further north than Seattle |
C.spring comes 12 days earlier in Arctic than in Chicago |
D.the further north a place lies, the sooner spring comes than before |
A.comparing related data available |
B.conducting research and test |
C.calculating the exact length of each spring |
D.observing animal's behavior all year round |
A.Concerns over spring's early arrival. |
B.Springtime emergence of creatures. |
C.Early springtime's impacts on humans. |
D.Disorder in the balance of ecosystems. |
A.Medical Report. | B.Survival Stories. |
C.Scientific Discoveries. | D.Natural environment |
【推荐3】Climate change is an ongoing and ever-present threat to the Earth and all living things upon it. Unchecked industrialism and the burning of fossil fuels have resulted in the creation of harmful greenhouse gases. Human greed has led to massive deforestation and clear-cutting of forests to make way for farmland. Pollution blocks our rivers, lakes, and oceans. The point of no return may be fast approaching.
After decades of harmful actions, many governments and businesses are now struggling to find ways to lessen some of their destructive effects and reach net-zero, which means not adding to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. One of the ways they proposed was the extensive tree-planting. The UK government, for example, has set out its plan to plant 30,000 hectares of trees annually so as to absorb carbon dioxide.
However, according to Oxfam, a British charity devoted to helping people in poor countries, those plans never bore fruit. It issued clear and strong warnings against them-the area needed for a tree-planting project of this scale to successfully lower carbon emissions to net-zero is estimated at 1. 6 billion hectares, which is an area five times the size of India. That means the project would intrude (侵占) on the land presently needed to grow enough crops to feed the world’s expanding population.
Such a massive campaign of turning farmland into forest could give rise to a global interruption to agriculture, and cause food prices to rise by as much as 80% by 2050. In a world where millions of people are already going hungry, this could have disastrous results. By trying to save the planet, governments and businesses may cause many millions of people to die of starvation. This paradox (悖论) perfectly illustrates the phrase “damned if you do, and damned if you don’t. ”
1. The author mentions the UK government to show ________.A.the outbreak of climate disasters has its economic reasons |
B.there is still some doubt whether the UK can reach net-zero |
C.countries and companies are trying to deal with climate change |
D.net-zero makes sense only when all countries make joint efforts |
A.Confident. | B.Critical. | C.Favorable. | D.Unclear. |
A.A vast area of the forest would bum down instead. |
B.Bigger forests could result in a population explosion. |
C.India would lose 1.6 billion hectares of agricultural land. |
D.Planting trees could lead to the starvation of millions of people. |
A.The Catch-22 of Net-zero |
B.Irreplaceable Benefits of Forests |
C.The Importance of Planting Trees |
D.Greenhouse Gas Emission Largely Reduced |