Sports Fans and Identity
Many people are crazy about a particular sports team. They are big fans and seem to connect their own identity to their chosen team.
Identity consists of things like gender (性别), personality, abilities, and social groups. The groups we belong to shape our identity. Related to this is the theory developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner.
Researchers have studied language used by sports fans.
| A．They suggested that we naturally classify people into groups. |
| B．That causes increased competitions between different groups of sports fans. |
| C．It is probably because the victory reflects well on their personal sense of identity. |
| D．Comments from group members certainly have a strong influence on our behavior. |
| E．When their team did well, the fans would closely identify themselves with the team. |
| F．That leads to the fact that we want our group to be seen more positively than other groups. |
| G．Social scientists have also studied the effect of winning a championship on the fans of the winning team. |
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【推荐1】A campaign （活动）is being launched to encourage children to give up 30 minutes of screen time a day to head for the great outdoors.
The newly formed Wild Network — a cooperation of nearly 400 organisations --- is trying to attract teenagers away from television and computer screen and into fields, woods and parks. Organisers say that it is the UK's biggest ever campaign to reconnect children with nature and outdoor play, and that it could help improve fitness, mental（精神的）health and general well being. A documentary film, Project Wild Thing, will announce the launch at more than 50 cinemas across the UK from Friday. It looks at the increasingly weak link between children and nature.
Andy Simpson, chairman of the Wild Network, said: "The sad truth is that kids have lost touch with nature. Time spent outdoors is down, activity areas and levels are falling strongly and the ability to identify common species （物种）has been lost."
Suggestions of how to get more time in nature include camping or racing and observing autumn colour on trees and so on. From January, the network will aim to make suggestions to politicians on how government can do more to get children muddy （沾满泥污的）and bright¬-eyed.
This is not the first time the message of less screen, more play has been brought up. Children in the 1980s were asked to do the same by the BBC TV series Why Don't You, which somewhat confusingly called on its viewers to "switch off your TV set, and do something less boring instead".
1. The purpose of the campaign is to call on kids____________.| A．to love animals | B．to play outdoors |
| C．to give up screens | D．to protect nature |
| A．Kids' disability to name some creatures. |
| B．The falling duration of Rids' vacations. |
| C．Strict rules on kids' outdoor activities. |
| D．The disappearance of common species. |
| A．Reconnect kids with nature. | B．Provide kids with more mud. |
| C．Take measures to protect kids. | D．Pay attention to eye protection. |
| A．To tell the development of BBC TV series. |
| B．To prove the recognition of his suggestion. |
| C．To show the TV series caused confusion. |
| D．To compare present TV series with old ones. |
Herschel’s first major discoveries were to show that Mars and Jupiter exhibit axial rotation(绕轴自转). Herschel struck fame in 1781,when on March 13th he discovered the planet Uranus(天王星) while engaged in work aimed at determining stellar parallax(恒星视差).This being the first new planet discovered since ancient times, Herschel, until then a mere amateur astronomer relatively unknown even in England, became world-famous. Adopting a historically proven strategy, Herschel named the new planet Georgium Sidum,in honor of the then ruling English king GeorgeⅢ. The trick worked once again, as King GeorgeⅢ gave William and Caroline the titles of“The King’s Astronomer”and“Assistant to the King’s Astronomer”, an honor which came with a life’s pension for both. In 1782 they moved to Bath, and shortly thereafter to Slough, and from this point on William and Caroline could devote themselves entirely to astronomy. The Herschels went on to discover two moons of Uranus in 1787.
While Caroline became increasingly occupied with the search for comets at which she was quite successful, William became for a time interested in the Sun. Inspired by Wilson’s 1774 work, he put forth the theory of sunspots(太阳黑子),an opinion that continued to exist well into the nineteenth century. In 1800,he became interested in the solar spectrum(太阳光谱),and uncovered the first evidence for solar energy output outside of the visible spectrum, in what is now known as the infrared(红外线).In 1801, he published two papers that effectively started the field of solar influences on Earth’s weather.
1. Herschel made himself known to the world mainly by .
| A．discovering the planet Uranus |
| B．determining stellar parallax |
| C．discovering two moons of Uranus |
| D．uncovering the evidence for the infrared |
| A．liked science and technology |
| B．liked Herschel’s naming of the new planet |
| C．was interested in astronomy |
| D．gave Herschel a lot of useful suggestions |
| A．She was successful in music. |
| B．She was given the title of“The King’s Astronomer”. |
| C．She died later than her brother. |
| D．She published two papers. |
| A．some information about Herschel and his sister |
| B．how Herschel and his sister discovered the planet Uranus |
| C．Herschel and Caroline got along well with each other |
| D．Herschel and Caroline’s major scientific publications |
【推荐3】Many years ago, when I was working in an institution in England, an adolescent boy walked up and down restlessly outside the waiting room.
It was in late autumn, and the lilac bush outside had shed all its leaves.
“Please sit down,” I showed him into my office. No word was uttered. He just stared at his feet while wringing his hands nervously. David wore a black rain coat which was buttoned all the way up to his neck. His head teacher had referred him to me, and asked me to lend David a hand — He had lost his father as an infant, and last year, his grandfather died and his mother was killed in a car accident.
How could I? There are human tragedies my profession doesn’t have the answer to! Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically. The first time we met, David didn’t say a word. As he was about to leave after the second visit, I put my hand on his shoulder. He didn’t shrink back, not looking at me either. “Come back next week, if you like.” I said. “I know it hurts.”
When he came the third time, I suggested we play a game of chess. He nodded. After that we played chess every Wednesday — in complete silence and without making any eye contact. It’s not easy to cheat in chess, but I admit that I made sure David won once or twice. Usually, he arrived earlier than agreed, took the chessboard and pieces from the shelf and began setting them up before I sat down. It seemed as if he enjoyed my company. One afternoon in late winter, David took off his rain coat and put it on the back of the chair and he seemed more alive.
Some months later, the lilacs blossomed outside. When I sat staring at David, who was bent over the chessboard, I thought about how little we know about therapy — about the mysterious process associated with healing. Suddenly, he looked up at me “It’s your turn,” he said. After that, David started talking.
1. Which is true about David’s first meeting with the author?| A．He said nothing. | B．He just looked at his hands nervously. |
| C．He came to lend a hand. | D．He was accompanied by his teacher. |
| A．A surgeon. | B．A chess coach. | C．A psychologist. | D．A head teacher. |
| A．The author knew little about the healing process. |
| B．The author boosted David’s confidence by design. |
| C．David’s earlier showing up dissatisfied the author. |
| D．It is necessary to keep quiet when playing chess. |
| A．David’s Story Made Me Rethink. | B．Be an Ear to Listen —The Golden Rule. |
| C．Know about Yourself — Changes Matter. | D．A Chess Game Moved Away Depression. |
【推荐1】At the start of nearly every doctor’s visit, chances are that you will be asked to get your weight measured. But many conversations around weight have become an obstacle, not a help, in the campaign to make people healthier. Doctors’ recommendations to drop pounds are still extremely common, even though using body size as a one-size-fits-all way can lead to ignorance of the complexity of an individual’ s particular physiology.
Many studies have shown heavier people are at higher risk for high blood pressure, diabetes and other diseases. But the big picture is not the whole picture. Researchers have identified some fat people considered to be “metabolically healthy”. However, one interesting report published in 2016 found that unhealthy thin people were twice as likely to get diabetes as healthy fat people. Clearly, although the association between being overweight and disease is very real, individual experience can vary greatly and depends on personal physiology and behavior.
Despite such findings, among the more terrible effects of weight-central health care are the increased shame experienced by the overweight. The well-reported experience of numerous fat people is that doctors often set weight loss without examining them. Research over the past two decades has shown that health professionals have negative attitudes toward fat people. Not only that but doctors’ appointments with fat patients are shorter on average, and some refuse to see these patients at all, as the South Florida Sun Sentinel reported in 2011. Such prejudiced practices keep people from regular annual exams and prevent the detection of serious hidden conditions.
To practice evidence-based medicine, doctors should stop relying on weight alone as an indicator of health and quickly setting out weight loss to treat health diseases. Instead, doctors should focus on behavioral changes to improve health outcomes. People of all sizes are entitled to evidence-based treatments and keep them healthy.
1. What is the underlined phrase “a one-size-fits-all way” in Paragraph 1 refer to?| A．An alternative way. | B．A temporary way. |
| C．A unique solution. | D．A perfect solution. |
| A．Each heavy individual is at higher risk for diseases. |
| B．Fat people are considered to be metabolically healthy. |
| C．Not all fat people suffer high blood pressure or diabetes. |
| D．Thin people were twice as likely to get diabetes as fat ones. |
| A．By listing figures. | B．By quoting opinions. |
| C．By giving examples. | D．By making comparisons. |
| A．Weight Shame. | B．Weight Loss, Health gains. |
| C．Weight Effects. | D．Only Weight Is Not Enough. |
【推荐2】Japanese fans who watched their national team be defeated by the Ivory Coast on Saturday showed it is possible to lose graciously (优雅地), when they stayed behind after the match to help clean up.
Despite seeing Japan's Blue Samurais lose 2-1 against the Ivory Coast' s national team at the Arena Perambuco in Recife, the Japanese audience armed with plastic bags searched their side of the stadium and gathered up dropped litter. While gathering waste after a sporting event is customary in Japan, the audience' s actions came as a shock to football fans from other countries.
This isn't the first time the Japanese have taken trash outside the stadium. The 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France was the first ever World Cup that Japan had qualified for. After their first group game against Argentina, the Japanese fans gave the world a lesson in politeness and respect by actually cleaning the football stadium seats. They picked up all the trash around them whether it was theirs or not. They then walked out and threw the trash in the garbage cans before leaving.
The all-around cleanliness of Japanese large cities comes as a culture shock to people coming from other big cities in the world. This tidiness is not due to millions of dollars spent on street cleaners and "Let's clean-up our city" campaigns. It's not due to effective public works or community service. It's due to one simple thing: They don't throw their rubbish on the floor. This unique and rare concept allows for both huge cities and the countryside to stay neat and tidy.
To reinforce this behavior, the common signs in Japan ask people to take their litter home with them. Then, to reinforce the sign, hey usually have no garbage cans in the parks. So when faced with the choice of throwing their garbage on the ground or keeping it with them, they keep it. They don’t need a “Don't Litter” or Keep Japan beautiful” sign. They have been doing it their whole lives and are used to taking their garbage with them.
1. The story in Paragraph 3 mainly shows that___________.| A．Japanese people are used to carrying their own trash |
| B．Japanese fans have a habit of cleaning up the stadium |
| C．Japanese fans often clean stadium seats before the game |
| D．the Japanese are very interested in watching football games |
| A．It has become common practice. | B．It is the result of community service. |
| C．It costs millions of dollars every year. | D．It exists because of public campaigns. |
| A．Punishing the behavior of littering. | B．Many signs reading "Don't Litter"." |
| C．Lots of garbage cans in the parks. | D．Taking litter away with them. |
| A．criticism | B．unconcern | C．respect | D．doubt |
【推荐3】According to the Study Abroad Trend Report for 2018, conducted by Chinese education website Eol. cn, the number of Chinese students who study abroad to gain a bachelor’s degree or below is rising, and the current group of Chinese overseas students is younger than those in the past years.
Du Xiying, a Beijing-based study-abroad agent, has first-hand experience working with this younger crop of students. “When I started this job some 10 years ago, almost all cases were filed by college graduates trying to apply for a master's degree in the US, UK, Australia and Canada,” said Du. “Now quite a number of my clients are high school graduates, and my company even transferred some experienced consultants to cover the increasing need of college-bound Chinese students.” However, in the eyes of Du, most of them are not ready to put themselves in a completely different context at such a young age. Although there are no statistics available, according to Du’s observations, college-bound high school graduates from China fall into two groups. There is a group of students from well-off families, with good grades and excellent command of English, and there is another group who did not do very well in their college entrance exams, so they seek to study abroad as a solution to their troubles. “In recent years, with the financial ability of Chinese families growing with the country's development, buying into college is very common,” said Du.
Complaints come from both destination schools in the US and parents of students. Going abroad at a young age needs a great deal of discipline(自律),and college students don't usually live at home-stays so they are free from management. A considerable quantity of students have ended with being dismissed(开除).
As to the dismissal issue, Du said it’s inevitable due to the large number of students crowding abroach. It’s just not easy to ensure quality. But she does think both students and parents should be responsible for their own investment of both time and money. “The worst case is that a family throws out 1 million yuan for their child to come home with nothing, not even fluent English,”said Du.
1. What change is mentioned in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2?| A．The age of Chinese students studying abroad is getting younger. |
| B．More Chinese students studying abroad are getting a master’s degree. |
| C．Excellent students prefer studying abroad to taking college entrance exams. |
| D．Chinese students’ grades are improving due to professional consultants’ help. |
| A．Most young students are qualified to study abroad. |
| B．Buying into schools could be a good solution to students’ problems. |
| C．Destination schools should be responsible for the management of students. |
| D．Parents and students should be cautious about the decision to study abroad. |
| A．They are not financially supported. |
| B．They are rejected by destination schools. |
| C．They can't live up to their parents’ expectations. |
| D．They can't live and study abroad independently. |
| A．Can’t be avoided. | B．Can’t be ignored. |
| C．Can’t be realized. | D．Can’t be predicted. |
