Scientists have come up with a new way to measure ocean trash(垃圾) and the numbers are even worse than thought. In 2010, eight million tons of plastic trash ended up in the ocean from coastal countries far more than the trash floating on the surface of the ocean. That ' s bad news. The even worse news is that the tonnage may increase by as much as ten times in the next decade unless the world finds a better way to improve how trash is collected and managed.
The new study identifies the major sources of plastic trash and names the top 20 countries producing the greatest amount of ocean trash. The United States is 20th. The rest of the list includes 11 Asian countries, Turkey, five African countries, and Brazil.
The size of the difference is huge --- 20 to 2,000 times more than the amount of floating trash. To make the figure eight million tons understandable, Jenna Jambeck, who led the study, compares it to lining up five grocery bags of trash on every foot of coastline around the globe. "And by 2025, those five grocery bags of plastic are going to be ten bags," she says. That would be 155 million tons a year if present trash management practices remain the same."
Ocean plastic has turned up everywhere. It has been found in the deep sea and buried in Arctic ice with terrible consequences for some 700 species of wildlife in the ocean.
The study has also created a new mystery. Because what flows into the ocean is so large, scientists now have to figure out where else it collects and in what amounts. "But what we need to do now is close the gap." says Richard Thompson, a scientist from the U.K.
1. What is the most serious problem concerning ocean trash?A.There is no way to get rid of it. |
B.Eight million tons of trash goes into the ocean. |
C.A lot more trash may be put into the ocean in the future. |
D.The way to measure ocean trash hasn't been found. |
A.showing the causes | B.describing a process |
C.making comparisons | D.making a classification |
A.what is harmless and what is dangerous |
B.what is on the surface and what is in the deep sea |
C.what is found and what can be recycled |
D.what is from America and what is from other countries |
A.Doubtful. | B.Hopeless. | C.Critical. | D.Concerned. |
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【推荐1】More attention is being paid to the air issue in London, especially with a continuing investigation into the death of Ella Kissi-Debrah, a 9-year-old girl who lived just meters from one of the capital’s busiest roads. Ella died in February 2013 having suffered from many asthmatic attacks (哮喘发作) and had been taken to hospital for nearly 30 times in the three years prior to her death. She may become the first person in the UK for whom air pollution is listed as the cause of death.
Today low emission (排放) has helped reduce dangerous poisonous air in parts of the United Kingdom capital by 94 percent, according to an annual report from Transport for London (TFL). The transport authority said they had established the defined areas where access by some polluting vehicles is restricted or forbidden in Central London in February, which contributed mostly to the change.
The TFL report showed traffic on roads fell by half during lockdown. Figures showed a big increase in the number of people walking and cycling in London, with journeys made on foot or by bicycle up from 29 percent between January and March 2020 to 46 percent between March and June 2020.
TFL will spend at least 75 million pounds on walking and cycling programs across the capital over the next six months. About 88.5 kilometers of new or upgraded cycle lanes have been built or are under construction.
“This new data shows just how important walking and cycling have been in helping Londoners stay healthy and safe, ” TFL Streetspace delivery manager Helen Cansick said. “That’s why it’s crucial that we continue to invest to support walking and cycling, ensuring that the capital can become a healthier and more sustainable place for everyone.”
1. What does Ella Kissi-Debrah’s death indicate?A.Air pollution is a big cause of death |
B.Children often suffer from asthma. |
C.Big cities are polluted more seriously. |
D.Air pollution and its effect are severe. |
A.Policy on lockdown. | B.Change in transport. |
C.Low-emission zones. | D.Reduction in economy. |
A.Short-distance journeys are more popular. |
B.The traffic on roads increases a lot. |
C.Walking and cycling are Londoners’ first choice. |
D.More Londoners choose to walk and ride. |
A.London’s air is now cleaner. |
B.Traffic restrictions take effects. |
C.Walking and cycling help stay healthy. |
D.Air issue in London is gaining attention. |
【推荐2】The world’s population cast aside 49 million tons of electronic waste, known as e-waste. It has been calculated that this number will grow to more than 60 million tons by 2023.
What is causing the upsurge (激增) in e-waste? Technology is becoming more and more widespread, covering almost every aspect of our lives. Meanwhile, the lifespan of devices is getting shorter—many products will be thrown away once their batteries die, to be replaced by new devices. Companies intentionally plan the obsolescence (过时) of their goods by updating the design or software and discontinuing support for older models, so that now it is usually cheaper and easier to buy a new product than to repair an old one. Since prices are falling, electronic devices are in demand around the world.
As more people buy electronic equipment, manufacturers (制造商) are beginning to face shortages of the raw materials needed to make their products, so recycling and reusing materials from discarded (扔掉的) products and waste makes economic and environmental sense.
Recycling e-waste is practiced both formally and informally. Proper or formal e-waste recycling usually involves taking apart the electronics, sorting through the materials and cleaning them. Companies must obey health and safety rules to reduce the health and environmental hazards of handling e-waste by using pollution-control technologies. All this makes formal recycling expensive. Informal recycling is typically unlicensed and uncontrolled. At informal recycling workshops, men and women recover valuable materials by burning devices to melt away non-valuable materials. Usually they do not wear protective equipment and lack any awareness that they are handling dangerous materials.
With the amount of e-waste growing around the world, recycling alone will not be enough to solve the problem. In order to reduce e-waste, manufacturers need to design electronics that are safer, and more durable (耐用的), repairable and recyclable. The best thing you can do is resist buying a new device until you really need it. Try to get your old product repaired if possible and, if it can’t be fixed, resell or recycle it responsibly. Before you recycle your device, put any broken parts in separate containers and close these tightly to prevent chemicals from leaking. Wear latex (乳胶) gloves and a mask if you’re handling something that’s broken.
1. Which of the following is a reason for e-waste’s sharp increasing?A.The results of updating devices. | B.The falling of devices’ quality. |
C.The methods of recycling e-waste. | D.The shortage of protective equipment. |
A.Increasing the variety of electronic products. |
B.Lowering the costs of technology innovation. |
C.Relieving the lack of the raw materials. |
D.Improving the poor quality of e-devices. |
A.Influence. | B.Limits. | C.Harm. | D.Costs. |
A.E-waste could be broken down by burying it underground for a long time. |
B.Companies should be mainly responsible for reducing e-waste. |
C.Fixing a device could cause more pollution than buying a new one. |
D.Everyone should take action to reduce e-waste. |
【推荐3】Blue Planet Ⅱ’s latest episode (情节) is about how plastic is having a terrible effect on the ocean and slowly poisoning our sea creatures. Researchers have also found that sea creatures living in the deepest place on Earth, Mariana Trench, have plastic in their stomachs. Indeed, oceans are drowning in plastic.
Though it seems that the world couldn’t possibly function without plastic, plastic is a very recent invention. The first plastic bags were introduced in the 1950s, the same decade (十年) that plastic packaging began gaining popularity in the United States. This growth has happened so fast that science is still catching up with the change. Plastic pollution research, for example, is still a very early science.
We put all the plastic into the environment, but we still don’t really know what the outcomes are going to be. What we do know, though, is disturbing. Ocean plastic is expected to kill millions of sea animals every year. Hundreds of species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. One in three leatherback turtles, which often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, have been found with plastic in their stomach. Ninety percent of seabirds are now eating plastic regularly. By 2050, that figure is expected to rise to 100 percent.
And it’s not just wildlife that is threatened by the plastic in our seas. Humans are consuming plastic through the seafood we eat. I could understand why some people see ocean plastic as a disaster, worth mentioning in the same breath as climate change. But ocean plastic is not as complicated (复杂的) as climate change. There are no ocean waste deniers (否认者), at least so far. To do something about it, we don’t have to remake our planet energy system.
This is not a problem where we don’t know what the solution is. We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it. We know how to deal with it. We know how to recycle. We can all start by thinking twice before we use single-use plastic products. Things that may seem ordinary, like using a reusable bottle or a reusable bag — when taken collectively, these choices really do make a difference.
1. Why is plastic pollution research still a very early science?A.The plastic pollution research is too difficult. |
B.Plastic has produced less pollution than coal. |
C.Plastic has gained popularity too fast for science to catch up. |
D.The world couldn’t possibly function without plastic. |
A.By presenting reliable data. |
B.By citing quotes from leading experts. |
C.By making a comparison and contrast. |
D.By listing examples from his own experiences. |
A.We reap what we sow. |
B.The shortest answer is doing. |
C.All things are difficult before they are easy. |
D.Actions speak louder than words. |
A.The oceans become choked with plastic. |
B.Ocean plastic is a global problem. |
C.Blue Planet Ⅱ has left viewers heartbroken. |
D.Plastic gains in popularity all over the world. |
【推荐1】Children are now more likely to want to work in social media or gaming than traditiona Careers. According to a new survey, many from seven to 11 -year-olds are looking at modern technology when they think about future jobs, rather than professions such as police officer or doctor.
The survey involved 13.000 UK primary school children. They were asked to draw pictures of the job they wanted to do when they grow up and then tell the reasons. It concluded that children's career aspirations (志向)are often based on factors such as gender stereotypes (性别角色定型)or what they've seen in the media, TV and film.
"For more and more children and young people, online celebrities and You Tube gaming videobloggers' have taken the place of TV and movie stars, "the report said. "It could be argued that this is due to the growing fame and attraction of YouTube and video blogging stars, who are especially popular among younger audiences. Also, this may also speak to children's present worlds.
Many from seven to 11-year-olds will spend their time gaming and perhaps at the same time watching celebrity gaming bloggers instructing them how to do it."
The survey found that 5% of children wanted to be in the police, with the same percentage on becoming doctors. A gender breakdown shows the top job choice for girls was teacher (19%). follow ed by vet (11%) and sportsman (9%) and police (8%).
This highlights the pressing need for closer ties between employers and schools, to ensure that all children can have role models in a wide range of fields to help them develop an awareness of career choices at an early age. "This is vital to ensure that all children—regardless of gender and backgrounds—can fulfill their full potential. "
1. What is the traditional career choice, according to the passage?A.Police officer. | B.Online celebrity. |
C.Professional game-player. | D.Video blogger. |
A.Play games and watch popular TV series. |
B.Participate in various sports in order to be sportsmen or women. |
C.Study hard and make great efforts to become teachers and police officers. |
D.Play games and watch celebrity gaming bloggers instructing them how to do it. |
A.To strengthen the importance of studying hard. |
B.To give children more advice to choose future careers. |
C.To give parents some suggestions to educate their children. |
D.To stress the importance of ties between employers and schools. |
A.Science. | B.Education. | C.Sports. | D.Culture. |
【推荐2】In an ideal world, we would be able to devote as much time to sports as we feel we need. But in reality, with growing demands in both work and family, we can only jump at the chance for our physical exercise when we can. Making the most of that time to practice Yin Yang yoga, which mixes the dynamic and slow-paced elements of yoga, helps keep you active and relaxed.
Yin and Yang are the Taoist concepts representing a balance of opposite forces which are also interconnected. Yin is inactive, cooling, and negative, associated with the female force. Yang is active, warming, and positive, associated with action and movement. They are complementary to one another, as one cannot exist without the other.
Yin Yang yoga is a combination (结合体) of high-energy movement which builds energy, increases strength and promotes stamina (耐力), followed by the more restful practice of Yin to give us a deeper stretch (拉伸) and calm the nervous system.
If you have a busy and active life you may feel more in Yang, so taking some cooler, slower Yin yoga practice into your routine may help you feel calmer and more balanced.
If you are practicing for an hour, divide the time in half. Warm up with sun salutations (拜日式瑜伽), continue into a dynamic flow and then move on to some standing postures. After half an hour your heart will be pumping, muscles tighten up and you are hopefully feeling energetic, but ready for a rest. Then pick five Yin postures to hold for 3-5 minutes, or even longer if you are enjoying them!
As ever with yoga, if you are a beginner or have health issues, always attend a class with a trained instructor first to guide you safely through the yoga practice and avoid injury.
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.Most of our sports time should be spent on Yin Yang yoga. |
B.We’d better devote as much time to physical exercise as we can. |
C.Busy schedule makes it impossible for us to do any form of sports. |
D.Yin Yang yoga can be a choice of physical exercise when we are busy. |
A.Independent from one another. |
B.Competitive against one another. |
C.Similar to each other but unable to work together as a whole. |
D.Different from each other but together making a good combination. |
A.Relaxing muscles. | B.Building stamina. |
C.Strengthening the body. | D.Quickening the heartbeat. |
A.Hold each Yin posture for longer than 5 minutes. |
B.Do not practice yoga when you are not in good health. |
C.Start your yoga practice with an expert trainer. |
D.Spare half an hour for five Yin postures in every yoga practice. |
【推荐3】In the mountainous southern Peru, Quechua women sit on the ground, chatting as they twist dry grass and shape it into long plaits (辫子). Every year for the past six centuries, each family contributes about 210 feet of plaints to build Q’eswachaka, the only surviving rope bridge that once connected the Inca Empire.
At approximately 100 feet, Q’eswachaka connects two mountains. It is rebuilt yearly by four Quechua communities who come together every second week of June to spend three days building the bridge and a fourth celebrating its completion. Before the work begins, one person asks for protection and permission. To people who gather to rebuild this structure, the bridge is a god. To build the new Q’eswachaka, one of the builders ties a rope around his waist and makes his way across last year’s structure. Once this connection is secure, the old bridge is cut loose. Then builders transport supplies and other ropes. They ride on the bridge’s cable and make its floor by hand. The skills for the bridge are communicated not through written instructions, but through apprenticeship (学徒期).
Nowadays, the bridge faces many challenges. Policy adjustments in the teaching field have caused the sharp fall in the number of Quechua speakers. Only 40% of the younger generation speaks the language of their ancestors. Since the ancestral language is necessary for the ceremony associated with Q’eswachaka, the decrease in the number of speakers will make it difficult for the tradition to continue. Besides, now Q’eswachaka is made of only one kind of plant, but it used to include other plant materials that have disappeared, which made it strong enough to serve the needs of the communities. These days, a nearby steel bridge satisfies the transport of cars and supplies, and Q’eswachaka’s construction is kept alive by tourism rather than function.
1. What’s the first step of rebuilding Q’eswachaka?A.Use a rope to build a connection. | B.Make the new bridge’s floor. |
C.Destroy the old bridge. | D.Transport materials. |
A.It mainly aims to attract visitors now. | B.It remains practical for local people. |
C.It’s in the charge of local women. | D.It’s approximately 100 feet long. |
A.There are many rope bridges in Peru now. |
B.Builders ask for permission from the government. |
C.The new bridge is built when the old one gets fragile. |
D.Quechua is important for the survival of Q’eswachaka. |
A.Importance of Q’eswachaka. | B.Development of Q’eswachaka. |
C.Decrease of Quechua speakers. | D.Challenges Q’eswachaka faces. |