1 . 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The public nowadays has a     1     (misunderstand) of forest fires,     2     (believe) that fires should be kept out of every type of forest. Many of us can recall Smoky the Bear’s famous warning: “Remember, only you can prevent forest fires.”     3    , that’s not always the case. Under the right conditions, and when conducted safely, fire can create many environmental benefits as well as help prevent larger,     4     (control) wildfires.

After a forest fire, many wildlife species will move into     5     (recent) burned areas to feed on these newly available foods. Some reptiles and amphibians such as the pine (松树) snake prefer forests frequently     6     (burn) by fire.

If you are asked to picture the forest floor,     7     do you see? Pine needles, cones, leaves, branches might come to mind—all sources of fuel. If these fuel sources build up     8     any type of removal, the “fuel load” can lead to fires catastrophic to forests and people alike. In contrast, prescribed fire can be used by forest professionals every couple of years to keep forest fuels at an appropriate and manageable level. They can also minimize the spread of pest     9     (insect) and disease and remove unwanted tree and plant species. Plus, they can create and maintain important wildlife habitats rich in grasses and promote the     10     (grow) of trees, wildflowers and other various plants.

2 . What do we know about the man?

A．He is sick.

B．He wants to raise a dog.

C．He is allergic to long-haired animals.

3 . When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.

After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.

The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.

He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.

Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.

“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”

1. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?

A．He was fond of traveling.	B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind.	D．He longed to be a doctor.

2. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?

A．To feed the animals.	B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants.	D．To test the eco-machine.

3. What is the basis for John’s work?

A．Nature can repair itself.	B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse.	D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.

4 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Some countries have a large number of earthquakes. Japan is one of them, while others do not have so many. For example, there are few earthquakes in Britain. But they are     1     (frighten) when they break out.

There is often a great noise during    2     earthquake. The ground shakes; houses fall down; railways are destroyed,     3     causes trains to stop off. Sometimes thousands of people     4     (injure) in different ways. Some people say that earthquakes often happen near volcanoes (火山),     5    this is not true. The centers of some earthquakes are under the sea. The bottom of the sea suddenly moves. The    6     (power) forces inside the earth break the rocks. The coast is shaken and great waves appear. These waves travel a long     7     (distant) and rush over the land,     8     (break) down houses and other buildings. Sometimes they damage more buildings than the earthquake     9     (it). What kind of building stays up best in an earthquake? The Americans studied carefully the results of the earthquake at San Francisco and believed it is best for buildings to be made with concrete (水泥) walls held together by steel frames (钢筋框架). Such buildings won’t burn or fall     10     (easy).

7 . One million species face extinction, more than ever before in human history, according to a UN report released in May. And humans should be responsible.

The researchers based the assessment (评估) on some 15,000 sources considering the causes and results of environmental changes over the past 50 years.

The findings are clear and alarming. The researchers have found that about 25 percent of the world’s plants and animals are at risk of extinction. These include sea and land animals. Even the domesticated (驯养的) animals are at risk: Over 9 percent of the domesticated animal species used for food and agriculture might have been lost.

There are some big problems. This rapid decrease of the natural world endangers global food safety and quality of life. For example, about 4 billion people rely on natural medicines, produced by the disappearing species, for their health care.

The researchers identified five drivers responsible for the bad news. They think at the top of the list is the change of land and sea use. The change in ecosystems towards agriculture, aquaculture and other human developments has led to changes in the natural living space of species. It is followed by the direct overuse of creatures (harvesting crops, cutting down the trees, hunting and fishing) and climate change, including rising sea levels and increasing extreme-weather events, wildfires, floods and droughts. The final causes of species extinction are pollution, especially plastics, and the spread of non-native species that can kill native plants and animals. In fact, good ecosystems can promote the growth of species.

The researchers say it is time for humans to act. They think maybe a new global way to save food and refuse waste in our life can turn the tables. Whether that is possible is an open question.

1. What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?

A．To introduce the topic of the text.	B．To introduce the schedule of the report.
C．To introduce humans’ sense of responsibility.	D．To introduce the history of human development.

2. What does paragraph 3 mainly show?

A．The reliability of the findings.	B．The species of animals worldwide.
C．The seriousness of species’ reduction.	D．The risky experiences of the researchers.

3. Which word best describes the relationship between species and ecosystems?

A．Narrow.

B．Interdependent.

C．Competitive.

D．Unrelated.

4. What does the underlined phrase “turn the tables” in the last paragraph mean?

A．Change the situations.	B．Ask the open questions.
C．Pollute the environments.	D．Turn the tables upside and down.