1 . When it comes to having fun in the sun, it’s easy to lose track of time. If you’re not careful, this can be quite dangerous.    1     But it can easily be prevented — all you need is a little sunscreen.

    2     People have been using chemical pastes to protect themselves from the sun for centuries. But the first modern sunscreen sold on the market was offered by French company: L’oreal in 1935.

Several other companies were quick to release their own sunscreens. Perhaps the biggest advancement in the world of sunscreen came in the 1970s, when scientists started looking at the sun protection factor, or SPF.     3    

The advantages of using sunscreen are obvious. It limits the painful effects of sunburn.     4     Millions of people have died from skin cancer caused by ultraviolet rays from the SUITL. Remember to apply sunscreen 30 minutes before going outside.

Unfortunately, there are many mistaken ideas about sunscreen.     5     Some also think you only need to put it on once for a whole day’s protection or that you don’t need it on cloudy days. None of these things are true. Experts say you should apply sunscreen every two hours when outside- in the daytime, no matter how dark your skin is or what the weather is like.

A．And it can even save your life.

B．Sunscreen is not exactly a recent invention.

C．Choosing a sunscreen isn’t as simple as it used to be.

D．In direct sunlight, sunburn can occur in less than 15 minutes.

E．This rating is a number that shows how effective a sunscreen is.

F．It’s believed that you don’t need much sunscreen if you have dark skin.

G．Some think a good method is to cover as much as possible with protective clothing.

2 . A robot with a sense of touch may one day feel “pain”, both its own physical pain and sympathy for the pain of its human companions. Such touchy-feely robots are still far off, but advances in robotic touch-sensing are bringing that possibility closer to reality.

Sensors set in soft, artificial skin that can detect both a gentle touch and a painful strike have been hooked up to a robot that can then signal emotions, Asada reported February 15 at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This artificial “pain nervous system,” as Asada calls it, may be a small building block for a machine that could ultimately experience pain. Such a feeling might also allow a robot to “sympathize” with a human companion’s suffering.

Asada, an engineer at Osaka University, and his colleagues have designed touch sensors that reliably pick up a range of touches. In a robot system named Affetto, a realistic looking child’s head, these touch and pain signals can be converted to emotional facial expressions.

A touch-sensitive, soft material, as opposed to a rigid metal surface, allows richer interactions between a machine and the world, says neuroscientist Kingson Man of the University of Southern California. Artificial skin “allows the possibility of engagement in truly intelligent ways”.

Such a system, Asada says, might ultimately lead to robots that can recognize the pain of others, a valuable skill for robots designed to help care for people in need, the elderly, for instance.

But there is an important distinction between a robot that responds in a predictable way to a painful strike and a robot that’s able to compute an internal feeling accurately, says Damasio, a neuroscientist also at the University of Southern California. A robot with sensors that can detect touch and pain is “along the lines of having a robot, for example, that smiles when you talk to it,” Damasio says. ‘It’s a device for communication of the machine to a human.” While that’s an interesting development, “it’s not the same thing” as a robot designed to compute some sort of internal experience, he says.

1. What do we know about the “pain nervous system”?

A．It is named Affetto by scientists.	B．It is a set of complicated sensors.
C．It is able to signal different emotions.	D．It combines sensors and artificial skin.

2. What does the underlined word “converted” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Delivered.

B．Translated.

C．Attached.

D．Adapted.

3. What does Damasio consider as an interesting development?

A．Robots can smile when talked to.

B．Robots can talk to human beings.

C．Robots can compute internal feelings

D．Robots can detect pains and respond accordingly.

4. What can be the best title of the text?

A．Machines Become Emotional	B．Robots Inch to Feeling Pain
C．Human Feelings Can Be Felt	D．New Devices Touch Your Heart