1. 珍稀动物的重要性;
2. 保护珍稀动物的倡议。
注意:
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2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Protecting Rare Animals
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2 . A recent study reveals that flat-faced dogs, such as French bulldogs, have difficulty sleeping because of an unusual feature: their head shape. French bulldogs specifically suffer from increased daytime sleepiness, probably due to not getting enough night-time sleep.
With their big eyes staring right back at the owner, and wrinkles rolled over their noses, French bulldogs have shot up in popularity in recent years. But their distinct features and small size come with a number of health issues.
The researchers studied the sleep patterns of 92 dogs accompanied by their owners. They found that compared with other dogs, the flat-faced dogs experience a longer period of rapid eye movement (REM), regarded as the stage of sleep with most vivid dreams where the brain is active while the body remains still. Researchers said this was similar to the way babies sleep, suggesting that dogs, like French bulldogs, keep up the sleep patterns of puppyhood. Their night-time sleep is shorter and flat-faced dogs are also more likely to snoring (打鼾). “Sleep deprivation is increasingly recognized as a major cause of suffering in dogs with extreme brachycephaly (短头畸形),” said Dan O’Neill, an associate professor from the University of London.
The researchers employed an electroencephalogram (脑电图) throughout the dogs’ sleep. They looked particularly at sleep spindles (睡眠纺锤波). They found that dogs with brachycephaly had an increase in sleep spindles, which in dogs has been associated with poorer learning when it comes to training.
A researcher said, “We know that some of these dogs will sleep with a ball in their mouth, and people think it’s cute, but they’re actually doing it in order to keep their airways open.” O’Neill agreed, “Many owners find this phenomenon very funny and post videos online showing how comical their dogs are as they sleep with a toy in their mouth or with their neck extended or repeatedly waking up to breathe during sleep.”
1. What may lend to flat-faced dogs increased daytime sleepiness?A.Their tendency to sleep with owners. |
B.Their preference for daytime napping. |
C.Their shorter night-time sleep due to the head shape. |
D.Their habit of sleeping in uncomfortable positions. |
A.They differ from human beings in REM. |
B.They require less sleep than other species. |
C.They’re less likely to suffer sleep disturbances. |
D.They maintain puppy-like sleep patterns as adults. |
A.They have a stronger memory during sleep. |
B.They have a strong desire to sleep during the night. |
C.They are more likely to succeed in hard training. |
D.They may face challenges in learning during training. |
A.They want to have pleasant dreams. | B.It prevents them from snoring loudly. |
C.It helps them maintain an open airway. | D.They enjoy playing with toys while sleeping. |
3 . Dogs have a different way of seeing the world compared to human beings. As a result of this, they heavily rely on their body language to pass their messages to people.
If you pay close attention to your dog, you will notice that at some point it will curl up just like a fox. In such cases, the paws will be curled up underneath their bodies and their tail will be well wrapped around them. This shows that the dog is probably feeling cold. Curling up helps them keep more body heat.
A.Dogs may sometimes be grass-eating animals |
B.Eating grass is not the most uncommon thing for a dog |
C.Read the text to find out more on what your dog is trying to tell you |
D.It’s a sign that they want to play or simply need something from you |
E.You may feel the joy of your dog or feel it cute to see such baby-like gesture |
F.If this happens a lot, take your dog to the vet to ensure their safety |
G.If you see your dog doing this, throw a blanket over them to help them feel warmer |
4 . Sleep-deprived human parents know the value of a quick nap, but it turns out chinstrap penguins have us all beat. When nesting, these Antarctic birds take four-second-long “micro- sleeps”, a strategy that allows parents to keep constant watch over weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hours of total sleep a day, according to a new study.
Like other penguins, chinstrap parents take turns guarding the nest. While one bird protects the chicks, the partner finds food at sea. Then the penguins trade places. For two months between egg laying and fledging(羽化) , it’s a series of nonstop demands.
To study how penguins manage to accomplish all this and get the necessary sleep, Lee, a leader researcher, first stuck biologgers, small battery-powered devices, to the backs of 14 nesting penguins of both sexes. This device functions like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the ocean depths of foraging birds.
Next, the team humanely arrested each of the penguins, attaching the devices temporarily into their skull to measure brain activity. When an animal is awake, the brain constantly buzzes with activity. During sleep, however, brain waves slow down and stretch out. When Lee started reviewing the data, he was surprised to discover the birds, slept in four-second intervals throughout the day and night while looking after their eggs or chicks.
“In both humans and penguins, micro-sleeps occur during times of exhaustion, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem to have a near-exclusive reliance on it,” Cirelli, another scientist, says. Studying sleep in natural environments is difficult, so “the simple fact that they were able to record data in these conditions is incredible. ”
While the data is convincing, Cirelli notes that the researchers only studied the penguins during nesting periods, making it impossible to tell if the birds micro-sleep when they’re not parenting. The other challenge is understanding how micro-sleep impacts the brains and bodies of the pen-guins. Sleep deprivation in humans causes a range of health problems, and it’s not clear whether penguins experience this, too.
1. When do the birds have micro-sleeps?A.When they lay eggs. | B.When they hunt for food. |
C.When they care for babies. | D.When they exchange places. |
A.A charger. | B.A smart-watch. |
C.A sleep monitor | D.A safety alarm. |
A.The micro-sleep study is successful. | B.Chinstrap penguins sleep more than human. |
C.The data from the micro-sleep study is simple. | D.Chinstrap penguins rely entirely on micro-sleep. |
A.Effects and occurrence of micro-sleep. | B.Short-term strategies for tired bird parents. |
C.Problems caused by lack of sleep in humans. | D.Approaches of chinstrap penguins’ parenting. |
5 . The speedy lizard (蜥蜴) was moving quickly across the tabletop when suddenly one foot hit a slippery spot. It just made a split-second adjustment as it moved onward. Afterward, its movements, recorded with Hollywood-style motion-capture technology, were played back in slow motion.
This is the lab of Tonia Hsieh, a Temple University biologist who studies life on the move. The goal of the lizard study is to use the animals as a model for humans, to figure out better ways to prevent falls among the aged. The scientists are using two species — the frilled dragon and the brown basilisk — that share an unusual characteristic with humans: the ability to run on two legs.
If the scientists can figure out how these lizards remain upright in different situations, they hope some of the lessons can be used to guide human treatment.
The lizards run on a tabletop covered with sandpaper except for one slippery spot in the middle: a square of poster board covered with contact paper.
In the lab recently, the scientists filmed one of the frilled dragons in action and played it back at slow speed on a computer screen, the lizard’s movements reduced to a series of colored dots on a gray background. At the moment the lizard stepped on the contact paper, its left foot slid to the side, and its upper body twisted in the opposite direction. It barely seemed to lose its balance.
Could some clue in those colored dots be used to improve stability in older adults? Every year, thousands of older, adults die from injuries sustained in falls.
The work is still ongoing, but early indications are that. tendons (肌腱) in the lizards’ feet play . a key role in balance, acting as springs that counteract (抵消) small changes in the surface. It’s a valuable first line of defense that kicks in even before the brain has time to react, Hsieh said.
If the scientists can figure out what factors are most important in keeping the lizards upright, perhaps someone can work out strategies to enhance those factors in people.
“I think this is a great first step,” said Hsieh.
1. What made the scientists decide to conduct the lizard study?A.Their curiosity about running lizards. |
B.Their concern for lizard conservation. |
C.The characteristics of different lizards. |
D.The similarity between lizards and humans. |
A.To record the lizard’s movements. | B.To provide stability for the lizard. |
C.To make the lizard lose its balance. | D.To limit the lizard’s running speed. |
A.It’s important for lizards. | B.It has been a great success. |
C.It needs more assistance. | D.It shows great promise. |
A.Running like Lizards | B.Learning from Lizards |
C.Keeping Your Balance | D.Developing Your Potential |
A.A mouse. | B.A dog. | C.A cat. |
7 . Fifteen years ago, Pilots N Paws was founded by Debi, an animal lover, and Jon, a pilot. Debi wanted to
Though Pilots N Paws
Pilots N Paws
A.examine | B.adopt | C.identify | D.film |
A.legal | B.necessary | C.clear | D.possible |
A.car | B.boat | C.bus | D.plane |
A.caught on | B.came into being | C.broke down | D.held the lead |
A.rescued | B.dismissed | C.trained | D.maintained |
A.affect | B.include | C.assist | D.appoint |
A.trusts | B.defends | C.partners | D.controls |
A.typically | B.rarely | C.temporarily | D.secretly |
A.bridges | B.mixes | C.widens | D.explores |
A.advice | B.assumption | C.objective | D.problem |
A.instead | B.otherwise | C.away | D.regardless |
A.choose | B.receive | C.place | D.consider |
A.accepts | B.describes | C.repeats | D.submits |
A.giveaway | B.pickup | C.takeover | D.turnaround |
A.communication | B.search | C.process | D.landing |
8 . Crouching on all fours on Widdybank Fell in Teesdale, Margaret Bradshaw, a 97-year-old botanist, calls out the names of some rare plants. This part of the uplands is a seemingly empty landscape, heavily grazed (吃草) by sheep, but it hides botanical treasures that have been here for more than 10,000 years. Some of the plants can’t be found anywhere else in the UK and —until Bradshaw arrived on the scene—many were unaccounted for.
Bradshaw is the chief caretaker of some of the country’s rarest flowers. She has spent seven decades studying the unique flora (植物群) of Teesdale, in the north of England. Although once they were widespread in Britain, now only a few remain, and 28 species are threatened with extinction.
Bradshaw has just written a 288-page book on the subject, Teesdale’s Special Flora: Places, Plants and People, published as part of the Princeton Wild Guides series.The Teesdale fora is celebrated because it is a mix of alpine-arctic (高寒的) flowers and southern European species; nowhere else in Britain do they all grow together.
Now, though, the area’s unique features are under threat. Bradshaw has been recording rare
plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great declines. Since the 1960s, plant abundance has dropped by 54%on average. Some have essentially disappeared, such as the dwarf milkwort, down by 98%, and the hoary whitlow-grass, down by 100%.She says, “We’ve got various buildings in the country—Stonehenge, Durham Cathedral, and others; if they were falling apart, there would be groups and money helping stop it, because people would say we can’t let this happen. “These flowers’ communities are much older, and in some respects they are more beautiful.
The main reason for the decline of these plants is an unusual one—not enough sheep. The number of sheep on the areas had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed to be overgrazed. Bradshaw says while some upland areas are damaged by sheep, reducing grazing on Teesdale has been devastating. Longer grass overshadows the delicate flowers, taking away the light they need to grow.
1. Why is the flora in Teesdale unique?A.It is site-specific. |
B.There is a book about it. |
C.It is under strict protection. |
D.There are many sheep feeding on it. |
A.To recommend popular tourist attractions. |
B.To recognize their historic value. |
C.To draw attention to the flora in Teesdale. |
D.To praise the conservation efforts. |
A.Overgrazing in upland areas. |
B.Reduced sheep population. |
C.Response to climate change. |
D.Lack of enough shadows. |
A.Innovative. | B.Satisfying |
C.Challenging | D.Destructive |
1. How did the man get the cat?
A.He bought him from a pet store. |
B.He got him from his neighbour. |
C.He found him on the street. |
A.36. | B.35. | C.40. |
A.In the bedroom. | B.In the bathroom. | C.In the dining room. |
A.The man has heart trouble. |
B.The cat woke the man up. |
C.The woman doesn’t like pet. |
10 . Why do we find ugly animals so appealing? And what makes odd-looking creatures so cute?
Evolution (进化) plays a role. According to Austrian zoologist Konrad Lorenz, human attraction to childish features, such as big eyes, large heads and soft bodies, is an evolutionary adaptation that helps ensure that adults care for their young, guaranteeing the survival of their species. Odd-looking animals such as blobfish, pugs, and bulldogs all share these childish qualities that initiate an affectionate response among humans. And these childish characteristics increase a person’s “protective behavior, attention and willingness to care” for the individual and reduce the “likelihood of attacks towards a child”, says Marta Borgi, a researcher.
Ugly animals often have other value—some, like the blobfish or the naked mole rat, live in extreme environments that they have adapted to in remarkable ways. Scientists are keen to study these animals to understand whether their biology might provide fresh insights that could lead to treatments for human health conditions such as cancer, heart disease and other deadly diseases.
Our fascination with ugly-cute animals can also be traced back to culturally-based causes. “The ugly-cute thing is very fashionable,” says Rowena Packer, a lecturer of animal behavior. “This is partly driven by social media, with many influential people showing off pet pugs and French bulldogs on the Internet,” she says.
But there are some serious welfare concerns around this trend. Vets are urging people not to choose a flat-faced dog, because they suffer from serious health problems. Pugs and French bulldogs which have been selectively produced experience breathing difficulties, repeated skin infections and eye diseases.
We may want to rethink our love for “ugly-cute” animals because of their silly features like protruding (鼓出的) eyes and wrinkly faces.
1. Why do people like ugly animals according to Konrad Lorenz?A.People appriciate their efforts to survive. | B.People appreciate their super adaptability. |
C.People are attracted by their childish looks. | D.People are fond of their fast response speed. |
A.What media are changing people. | B.How public practices influence people. |
C.Whether social media is worth believing. | D.Why celebrities show off their pet animals. |
A.Opposed. | B.Supportive. | C.Indifferent. | D.Cautious. |
A.By quoting different researchers’ findings. | B.By showing some examples of keeping pets. |
C.By observing people’s behavior towards animals. | D.By referring to authoritative evolutionary theory. |