1 . Are Superheroes Good Role Models?

Superheroes are everywhere. But what effect, if any, do superheroes have on our behavior? Some experts believe superheroes may have a particularly important influence on children.

Children have very limited control over many areas of their lives. Therefore, pretending to be a superhero allows a child to act out and process any anxiety that they have, and thereby overcome or reduce hidden fears, says Dr. Amy Bailey, a clinical psychologist.

Bailey adds, "The risk to superhero play is that sometimes children’s behavior can become out of control and turn into chaotic play as a child becomes completely lost in these roles." She advises parents to keep children away from more aggressive（暴力的）shows and to have children focus on "other positive characteristics of their favorite hero, such as their clever thinking and care of others". Concern over the possible effect of aggressive behavior has led to some schools banning（禁止）superhero play from the classroom.

Other psychologists（心理学家）share this concern. Some point to the change of the superhero over time, and are dissatisfied with modern images. "There is a big difference in the movie superhero of today and the comic book superhero of yesterday" says Sharon Lamb. She compares the selfish, playboy millionaire Tony Stark（Iron Man）to a superhero of the past, such as Superman. Superman she points out, had a real job as a newspaper reporter and was devoted to fighting injustice（不公平）. More recent characters such as Iron Man "take advantage of women, show off wealth, and show their manhood with high-powered guns".

Jeff Greenberg, a social psychology professor, has his own idea of modern superheroes. According to him, superheroes give children confidence and can deliver a positive moral message. Many superheroes-such as Spider-Man or Superman-use their powers to protect the weak. And more modern superheroes such as Daredevil, who is blind, and Charles Xavier（Professor）, who is disabled, bring diversity（多样性） and present positive images of disability.

1. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Superheroes can have a negative effect on children.

B．Superheroes always encourage children to be confident.

C．The idea of the superhero remains the same over time.

D．Children should be kept away from superhero movies.

2. What do the underlined words "this concern" refer to?

A．The ban on superhero play in classroom.

B．The possible effect of aggressive behavior.

C．The various characteristics of superheroes.

D．The belief of children in superhuman strength.

3. In which part of the passage does the writer talk about the positive way of superheroes?

A．Paragraph 1 to Paragraph 2.

B．Paragraph 1 to Paragraph 3.

C．Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 5.

D．Paragraph 1 to Paragraph2 & Paragraph 5.

4. Which column（栏目）might this passage come from in a newspaper?

A．Science Research.	B．Breaking News.
C．World Screen.	D．Environment.

2 . People often feel anonymous (匿名) on the Internet. They believe their browsing behaviors and what they buy or write can be private as they want. In fact, that’s far from true, a new study finds.

Websites usually offer a statement that describes what they may or may not do with data about a user’s activities. You might be attracted to read through that entire document. But be prepared for disappointment. These documents tend to list only a small part of the websites which are allowed to have access to your data. Therefore, it’s impossible for users to make informed judgments about how private their online activities are.

The new research explored the disclosure on data-sharing by 200, 000 websites. These included the Arkansas state government homepage and the Country Music site. The study analyzed how these sites shared data with third parties. Such recipients of your data could be advertisers or companies that make money by selling personal data. The study also examined how those sites had described their policy for protecting the data privacy.

Timothy Libert, who works at Oxford University, studies data privacy. For this analysis, he used a software tool called webXray. It tracked 1.8 million data shared by each of those websites with third-party data collectors. Only 14.8% of those data went to third parties that were named in the sites privacy policies.

Data that were transferred to widely familiar third parties—Google, Facebook and Twitter—were more likely to be leaked than those were transferred to unknown parties. Libert found that 38.3% of data sent to Google had been leaked.

Even if a website listed all of the third parties it shared your data with, users still might never learn how widely their data had been shared. Why? Third parties that receive data can later share those data again. Think of your data now being transmitted to anonymous fourth and fifth parties. Getting online is “sort of like throwing beans in the air,” Libert concludes. “There’s no way to know where your data end up.”

1. What aspect of the websites statements will disappoint people?

A．The length of the documents.	B．The reliability of the information.
C．The readability of the contents.	D．The accuracy of the language.

2. What does the underlined word “disclosure” in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Reveal.	B．Money.
C．Disappointment.	D．Advertisement.

3. What did Libert find in his study?

A．More than a quarter of data-sharing went to unnamed third parties.

B．The data on the Internet is always kept secret by third parties.

C．Widely familiar third parties could collect users’ data more difficultly.

D．Widely familiar third parties were more likely to leak out users’ online data.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．Famous websites are no longer safe

B．Private data can no longer be private

C．Data-sharing is becoming very unpopular

D．Large companies make money by selling personal data