Joseph Lister, born in 1827 in England, was best known as a popular British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic(抗菌的)surgery. As a child, Lister attended a Quaker school, where he became very fluent in French and German. These two languages were the leading languages in medical research.
He later entered University College London. At first, he studied botany(植物学). After this, he became a registered medical student and managed to graduate with honors. At 26, he entered the Royal College of Surgeons. Lister became an assistant of James Syme, a surgeon at a university in Scotland,
In 1867, he invented the use of carbolic acid as antiseptic. This became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. Before Lister’s research, many people believed chemical damage from exposures to bad air was the reason behind the infections in wounds. During this time, hospitals were at times letting air out during midday in order to prevent the spread on infec-tions. However, hospitals also practiced surgery under some unsanitary conditions compared with present medical conditions, which exposed patients to great risks.
While at University of Glasgow, Lister heard about Louis Pasteur’s theory. Louis Pas-teur suggested 3 methods to fight the micro-organism, filtration(过滤), exposure to chemical solutions and exposure to heat. Lister confirmed Pasteur’s theory with his own experiments. He decided to use these findings to create some antiseptic techniques for wounds, which led to the reduction in post-operative infections, making surgery safe for patients. He published his findings in The Lancet.
In 1881, Lister moved to London where he was appointed president of Clinical Society of London and died in 1892.
4. Where did Lister learn the languages necessary for his medical career?
A.At a Quaker school. |
B.At University of Glasgow. |
C.In University College London. |
D.In the Royal College of Surgeons. |
5. What does the underlined word “unsanitary” in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Safe. | B.Comfortable. | C.Unlucky. | D.Unhealthy. |
6. How did Lister know Pasteur’s theory was reliable?
A.By consulting some experts. |
B.By checking some records. |
C.By doing experiments himself. |
D.By observing Pasteur’s experiments. |
7. What was Lister’s contribution?
A.Improving people’s eyesight. |
B.Reducing infections after operations. |
C.Making people feel more confident. |
D.Lowering the costs of making operations. |