Drowning is the second-most common cause of accidental death in children aging 1 to 14 (just behind motor vehicle accidents.) In a study by a national safety group, 90 percent of children who drowned did so while under the care of an adult or teenager.
They are gasping(急促吸气)
They have to be able to breathe before they can speak. When people are drowning, their mouths sink below and reappears above the surface of the water. There isn't time for them to exhale, inhale, and call out.
They don’t seem in trouble
Sometimes the most important indicator that people are drowning is that they don’t look like they are drowning. They may just seem to be looking up at the sky, shore, pool deck, or dock. Ask them, “Are you all right?” If they cannot answer at all, they probably are drowning.
They are trying and failing, to swim in a particular direction
A drowning victim can’t make any forward progress while in the water, according to the American Red Cross. “A young child may appear to be doing a ‘doggy paddle’ but has no forward progress,” according to the official lifeguarding guide.
| A．They can’t call for help |
| B．They can’t wave for help |
| C．All efforts are devoted strictly to getting air |
| D．Here are the steps for you to follow when someone is drowning |
| E．They could also take in water when drowning victims are gasping for air |
| F．You may have less than 30 seconds to get to them if they return a blank stare |
| G．Watch for these signs that someone is in trouble to avoid a tragedy in the making |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】According to a new study, teens focus on rewards and have a hard time leaning to avoid punishment or consider the results of alternative actions.
University College London researchers compared how teens and adults learn to make choices based on the available information. They tracked the way in which 18 volunteers aged 12-17 and 20 volunteers aged 18-32 completed tasks in which they had to choose between abstract symbols.
Each symbol was consistently associated with a fixed chance of a reward, punishment, or no outcome (结果). As the experiment progressed, participants learned which symbols were likely to lead to each outcome and adjusted their choices accordingly. Teens and adults were equally good at learning to choose symbols associated with reward, but teens were less good at avoiding symbols associated with punishment. Adults also performed significantly better when they were told what would have happened if they had chosen the other symbols after each choice, while teens did not appear to take this information into account.
“From this experimental lab study we can draw conclusions about learning during the teen years. We find that teens and adults learn in different ways, something that might be related to education,” said lead author Dr. Stefano Palminteri. “Unlike adults, teens are not so good at learning to adjust their choices to avoid punishment. This suggests that incentive systems (激励制度) based on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group. Additionally, we found that teens did not learn from being shown what would have happened if they made other choices.”
To interpret the results, the researchers developed computational models of learning and ran simulations (模拟) applying them to the results of the study. The first was a simple model, one that learned from rewards, and the second model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chosen. The third model was the most complete and took the full situation into consideration, with equal weight (权重) given to punishment avoidance and reward seeking. For example, gaining no outcome rather than losing a point is weighted equally to gaining a point rather than having no outcome.
Comparing the experimental data to the models, the team found that teens’ behavior followed the simple reward-based model while adults’ behavior matched the complete, contextual model. “Our study suggests that teens are more willing to accept rewards than they are to punishments of equal value,” said senior author Dr. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, “As a result, it may be useful for parents and teaches to express things in more positive terms.”
1. It can be learned from the study that ________.| A．adults made choices faster than teens | B．adults were less sensitive to punishment |
| C．teens reacted to reward as well as adults did | D．teens were aware of the outcome of each choice |
| A．They reflected people’s strong desire for punishment avoidance. |
| B．They gave the situation different degrees of consideration. |
| C．They paid equal attention to reward and punishment. |
| D．They shaped the behavior of people at different ages. |
| A．“If you insist on doing things in this way, you will lose ten points.” |
| B．“If we had talked about this earlier, you wouldn’t have made the mistake.” |
| C．“If you hand in your homework ahead of time, you will get an extra point.” |
| D．“If you want to approach a problem differently, you can talk to your parents.” |
| A．To discuss a new discovery. | B．To prove a theory. |
| C．To correct misunderstanding. | D．To offer suggestions. |
【推荐2】Starting a business is a long game with joys and hardships. Here are a few things you can do right now to get better.
Many entrepreneurs（企业家）agree that setting short-term and long-term goals is the key to success. Write down your goals for the next year or more.
Find your passion quickly but cheaply.
Be a master of social media.
Becoming an expert at social media may be the most important thing to better your entrepreneurial dreams. Using social media, you'll reach a global audience. By growing and managing your online presence, you will enlarge the influence of your brand.
Such additions to your daily life are lifestyle changes that will improve your chances of success. They may seem insignificant now, but when you've succeeded, you'll appreciate the role they played.
| A．Set manageable goals. |
| B．Write down short-term goals. |
| C．And success is likely to follow. |
| D．Social media is essential to entrepreneurship. |
| E．It is important to learn what gets you excited. |
| F．You'll be glad you took the time to win the game. |
| G．It may take some time to tick off all the points on your list. |
【推荐3】Important Self-Management Tips All Students Should Know
Being a student, especially in the later years of high school and the college years, can be a time when you are finally given the independence that you dreamed of.
Sleep
First and foremost, you need to be getting a good night’s sleep as often as you can. After all, your brain needs just as much rest as any other part to operate at its full ability,
Calendar
Buy a calendar and make notes of every single deadline (截止日期) and class that you have.
Make the effort to balance your use of certain technology and social media. They are the number one reason for procrastination (拖延症) among today’s student body, and training yourself to stay away when you are writing your work can be really helpful.
Study Groups
| A．Technology Balance |
| B．Never Use Technology |
| C．so sleep is also important for the old |
| D．or it is not going to serve you in the best way that it can |
| E．But you haven’t learned exactly how to manage your life |
| F．If you are the kind of student who finds it nearly impossible to be productive alone |
| G．This way you will always know where you have to be and when you have to be there |
