If you go to Ethiopia, you’ll find a strange palm-like structure, which is called WarkaWater. It gathers water from fog and condensation（水珠）and is invented by an Italian firm.
When Italian designer Arturo Vittori and Swiss architect Andreas Vogler first visited Ethiopia in 2012, they were shocked to see women and children forced to walk miles to access what, for them, had always been within easy reach, water.
Only 34 percent of Ethiopians have access to a reliable water supply. Some travel for up to six hours a day to fetch some or, even worse, has to use pond water polluted by human waste, _____the spread of disease.
Worldwide, about 768 million people—two and a half times the U.S. population—don’t have access to safe drinking water. So just imagine if we could just pull water out of thin air? That’s what Vittori and Vogler asked once they saw the severe problem and promised to take action. Their firm, Architecture and Vision, has since come up with WarkaWater, a grand palm-like structure that may look like something you’d see in a modern art museum, but it’s been designed to harvest water from the air.
WarkaWater, which is named after an Ethiopian fig tree, is composed of a 30-foot bamboo frame containing a fog-harvesting nylon net that can catch water easily, can be easily lowered for repairs and allow communities to measure the water level. Collecting water through condensation is hardly a new technique, but the creators of WarkaWater say their tree-inspired design is more effective, maximizing surface and perfecting every angle to produce up to 26 gallons of drinkable water a day—enough for a family of seven.
Western organizations have been working to provide clean water access in Africa for decades, so WarkaWater joins a very long list of earlier attempts. So far, high-tech solutions, like the once promising Playpump, have failed, mostly due to high costs and maintenance issues.
This is where WarkaWater stands apart—a lower-tech solution that is easy to repair and far more affordable than digging wells in the rocky Ethiopian plateau.
1. What does the underlined phrase “subject to” in the third paragraph most probably mean?

A．Owing to	B．Opposite to
C．Sensitive to	D．Giving rise to

2. WarkaWater is designed mainly to ______.

A．gather clean water efficiently

B．reduce water supply costs

C．simplify maintenance

D．preserve water supplies

3. According to Paragraph 6, what caused Playpump to fail?

A．Lack of advanced technology

B．Unsuccessful designs

C．Lack of money and maintenance issues

D．Unreasonable structures

EDINBURGH, Scotland (AP) —they arrived before polling stations even opened, dressed for the school day in striped ties and blazers, dress slacks and tartan skirts, book bags over their shoulders —and, for the first time in British history, ballot (选票) cards in hands on September 18.
Scotland’s experiment of allowing more than 109,000 Scottish teenagers aged 16 to 17 took part in the Scottish independence referendum (公民投票), in which Scotland finally decided not to become independent.
The age group only made up a small part of the 4.29 million total voters, but they have “demonstrated how the youngest voters can be some of the most enthusiastic in a mature democracy”, commented The Associated Press. Casting their ballots, they were “proud and passionate” to help their nation decide whether to break away from the UK after 307 years in union.
At age 16, Scottish residents are allowed to join the military, get married, and work. Eighteen is the legal drinking age, as well as the UK’s voting age. But in 2013, Scottish law was changed to allow 16- and 17-year-olds in Scotland to vote in the referendum. The government pushed for the change because “younger voters are more likely to vote with their hearts, not their heads—and embrace fundamental change by voting for the pro-independence Yes Scotland campaign”, NBC News said.
But when the decision was handed down, some worried that high school students might not be as informed as adult voters. However, many experts said that assumption was wrong.
Professor Jan Eichhorn of the University of Edinburgh insisted that Scottish teenagers were as likely to read newspaper articles and campaign materials as their parents. They would simply get these resources through social media.
“There’s no evidence to suggest that they’re less capable than adults of voting, from a research point of view,” Eichhorn told NPR.
Scotland’s move to let younger teenagers vote in the referendum has led to a discussion about whether the voting age ought to be lowered to 16, both in the UK and the US.
“By 16, most people have about as stable an ideology (思想意识) as they are going to get,” Professor Jason Brennan of Georgetown University wrote for CNN, arguing that the US should also think about allowing younger US citizens to vote.
4. The Scottish independence referendum was held on Sept. 18 ______.

A．to encourage youngsters to be concerned with politics

B．to lower the minimum voting age to 16 for the referendum

C．to decide whether Scotland would become independent from the UK

D．to elect who would be the new leader of Scotland

5. According to the passage, we can learn ______.

A．Scotland gained its independence from the UK eventually.

B．It is possible for the USA to lower the voting age to 16 in the future.

C．All the people in Scotland thought highly of the government’s decision to lower the voting age to 16.

D．Scottish teenagers aged 16 are allowed to join the military, get married, work and drink alcohol now.

6. What does the underlined word “embrace” (in para.4) probably mean?

A．Admit to	B．Object to
C．Know about	D．Approve of

7. What is Jan Eichhorn’s opinion of the Scottish teenagers aged 16 to 17?

A．They are as informed and capable as adults of voting.

B．They make no difference to the voting result.

C．They are too enthusiastic to make informed decisions.

D．They are unwilling to be involved in the decision of the country’s future.

Nowadays, girls are so mean to each other. Many girls are becoming the victims of the harmful behaviors of the female bully.
Emma Tracey was a popular 17-year-old and a well-liked athlete who had already won a soccer scholarship to college. But none of that stopped Emma from becoming the target of online girl on girl bullying (欺凌). Emma began to receive hundreds of online unpleasant comments via the latest social networking site called www.formspring.com.
In March 2011, Emma committed suicide and although all agreed that the online bother was not the single factor that led to Emma’ death, everyone did agree that it was a contributory factor.
Unfortunately, Emma’ story is not unique. A 2010 study conducted by the Cyberbullying Research Center states: “Cyberbullying victims were almost twice as likely to have attempted suicide compared to youth who had not experienced cyberbullying. Girls are 57% more likely to be victims of aggressive cyberbullying and 92% more likely to be the criminals.”
Suicide is obviously the extreme and no one can minimize the tragedy of it. However, there are other damages that occur as a result of aggressive bullying. It can damage self-confidence and lead to feelings of worthlessness, and also increase social isolation and make victims become withdrawn, depressed, anxious, and unsafe. So what causes girls to be so unkind towards each other?
A term known as relational aggression may best describe the cause of girl on girl bullying. It starts with a clique (派系) usually led by a girl with a high level of social status and popularity. In order not to lose her position, she will control girls within the clique and take action if she feels threatened. At the leader’s directive the girls within the clique will spread rumors and lies and annoy other girls continuously.
The bullying starts at school but will quickly go to cyberbullying due to anonymity (匿名) and lack of punishment. Girls will easily do so in the anonymity of the Internet. Finally the cause will be summarized as the unsafety and jealousy of one girl and the twisted loyalty of members within her clique. Underneath the confident exterior (外表) of a female bully lie desperate unsafety.
8. The example of Emma Tracey is given to show        .

A．popular youth are not easy to become the target of bullying

B．today’s youth don’t like to study any more

C．suicide is a serious problem among youth

D．cyberbullying is quite common among teenagers

9. The bullying will quickly go to cyberbullying mainly because         .

A．it’s free to post comments online

B．the bullies don’t have to give their names online

C．it will not attract much attention

D．it will not affect their real life

10. Which of the following is NOT the cause of bullying?

A．Lack of safety.

B．The twisted loyalty of members within a clique.

C．Jealousy of others.

D．Trying to be friendly.

11. We can infer from the last paragraph that a female bully_______ .

A．has strong self-confidence

B．has strong leadership skills

C．is actually weak inside

D．is usually good at study

As we enter into this new age of cities in which more than half the world’s population will live in an urban area, we must also take a hard look at how we will care for the significant increase in our elderly population. While many will be living longer, they will be doing so with age-related health issues and disease.   Of special concern, the number of people living with dementia（痴呆）worldwide is set to treble by 2050. Alzheimer’s Disease International reports that 44 million people live with the disease now but that figure will increase to 135 million by 2050. With this added pressure to health systems, technology is the critical factor to success.
In Oslo, Norway, a retired engineer, Mr. Helge Farsund cares for his wife, Kari. Kari, who had been an intensive-care nurse who served with the Red Cross in Rwanda, was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s three years ago. Looking to live as normal a life as possible as Kari’s condition progressed, they are participating in a pilot project studying how a smart home powered by sensors enables people with Alzheimer’s Disease to stay in their home.
The system is created by Abilia. At the center of the system is an iPad-like device. The screen has Skype, which allows carers to regularly check in with patients．
Some l,000 people now have the system installed in their homes, and 25 of them, including the Farsunds, are testing the latest version, which combines the screen with wirelessly connected sensorsaround the house to detect motion. If a door is opened or left open, or if the stove is left on, the system alerts patients and caretakers of danger. The planner also provides spoken reminders about daily tasks, such as when they need to take medicine and events like birthdays as well as enabling caretakers and family members to check in remotely via Skype.
“With this kind of system, it allows people to take care of themselves, which is the most important thing,” says vice president Oystein Johnsen. For him, any move to improve city life needs to begin with people. “Smart cities are coming and they need to start with individuals in their own home,” he says. “It also saves the government money. In Norway it cost one million Norwegian krone (￡100,000) per year to have someone in a home, while this system costs 15,000. That is a lot of money to save.”
12. Which section of BBC news is most likely to include this passage?

A．Health	B．Entertainment
C．Technology	D．Business

13. The case of Helge and Kari Farsund in the second paragraph serves to     .

A．expose a social problem

B．introduce the main topic

C．show sympathy to the elderly

D．arouse medical workers’ interest

14. Which of the following functions can all be performed by the system?
①To warn people of possible dangers
②To help check in with patients
③To offer people some medicine
④To cure people of Alzheimer's
⑤To remind people of daily tasks
⑥To play movies like an iPad

A．①②⑤	B．②③⑤
C．①④⑥	D．③④⑤

15. According to the last paragraph, Oystein Johnsen will approve that     .

A．smart cities should be human-based

B．the system should reduce its cost

C．mass production is still impossible

D．individuals are responsible for future

In our daily life, we have developed a lot of habits, such as, eating habit, study habit, reading habit, etc. However, taking the time to develop a sleep habit is probably the last thing on your mind and some sleep advice simply can’t be forgotten.    16    .
Watching TV until you fall asleep
It has nothing to do with what you watch —TV news isn’t a better pre-sleep choice than TV series.    17    . The bright light keeps you awake all the night. So even if you nod off (in front of the TV, for example), you probably won’t stay asleep for long.
Sleeping with pets
    18    . They get comfortable, and then they move. This goes on all night, and whether you admit it or not, it interrupts your ability to get the level of sleep needed to feel rested.
Eating fatty, heavy foods too close to bedtime
Heartburn (烧心，胃痛) strikes anyone of any age, but it’s the most common GI disorder (胃肠失调) in older adults. If you’ve ever tried to go to sleep after eating a fatty meal, you’ve probably found the discomfort of stomach preventing you from falling asleep or staying asleep.
    19    
Remember how poorly you sleep when you have a fever—turning over and over again, never really feeling rested? Well, heavy exercise too close to bedtime has the same effect —--- it raises your body temperature so that your sleep is disturbed until your body temperature drops to normal, which may take several hours.
Accepting snoring (打呼噜) as normal sleep behavior
Snoring may seem as common as breathing, but it’s considered the biggest sleep killer, and it’s linked to several causes sleeping on your back, being overweight, having a cold, drinking, or taking drugs.    20    . For the snorer, it disturbs sleep by awakening him/her every so often in order to breathe normally. For the partner, the noise can be unbearable.

A．Exercising heavily too close to bedtime

B．Here are some bad habits you need to get rid of

C．Most seriously, it’s caused by a dangerous illness

D．Here are some suggestions you’ll need to follow

E．Pets sleep most of the day, and they move a lot when sleeping

F．Reducing your body temperature before bedtime

G．Rather it’s the TV’s bright light that is the criminal