At the beginning of the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence after almost two decades in the employ of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. Nearing 50, Leonardo was already famed for his scientific gift and artistic achievements. Combining practicality and observation, Leonardo applied the principle of sapere vedere (knowing how to see, in Latin) into as many areas of human enquiry as it led him.
Cesare Borgia, the ambitious son of Pope Alexander VI, became Leonardo’s financial supporter in 1502. One of the first tasks given to Leonardo was to create a map of the city of Imola, near Bologna. Borgia had taken control of the city in 1499. It was a key success for the young commander. Controlling the city would require understanding its geography and landmarks, and Borgia wanted the map from the finest mind of Leonardo in order to do that.
In the 16th century city maps tended to be symbolic and often symbolic, enlarging the size of religious buildings. Leonardo’s “Imola Plan” broke with this tradition, aiming to show the reality on the ground, and to provide a map that was of more practical use.
Leonardo applied a mapping technique developed by Florentine humanist Leon Battista Alberti, who suggested that a town should be mapped using polar coordinates (极坐标系). Starting with Alberti’s technique, Leonardo adapted it to record more accurate distances, proportions, and relationships between features.
The city’s public square was fixed in the middle of the grid (坐标方格). Historians believe that Leonardo collected data on the ground by starting at this central point and then using a compass (罗盘) and odometer (计程器) to measure streets and landmarks. Using geometry, he could then fill in the rest of the map.
Leonardo’s techniques gave rise to the first map that used data to accurately show a “flattened city” as it might be seen from above, what is called an ichnographic (平面图的) map today, perhaps the most familiar type of map used today. Leonardo’s measurements still hold up: According to historians, the “Imola Plan” can still be used to navigate the city five centuries later.
1. Why did Cesare Borgia ask Leonardo da Vinci to map Imola?A.To rebuild it. | B.To rule it better. |
C.To attack and take it. | D.To push mapping forward. |
A.They were always of a large size. |
B.They were often created by religious groups. |
C.They gave special attention to certain landmarks. |
D.They continued the tradition of showing reality. |
A.Cesare Borgia. | B.Ludovico Sforza. |
C.Leon Battista Alberti. | D.Pope Alexander VI. |
A.The popularity of ichnographic maps nowadays. |
B.The expectation of the development of mapping. |
C.The improvement of measures used to make maps. |
D.The importance of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Imola Plan”. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】During the winter vacation, I spent a lot of time thinking about what need to do in the new school year. Finally, I made the following plan.
Maths: I will get some Maths games to make this subject more interesting.
English: I am going to read more books about English history. Then I can learn more about English culture. I think this will be especially helpful if I go to England to study one day.
Science: I will do more experiments in the new school year. If it is necessary, I will design a science program and carry it out with some friends. Besides these things, I have decided to read a variety of science books such as Real Science 4 Kids. etc.
History: I plan to visit some places of interest such as the Summer Palace. This is not only a good way to learn about history, but also a very interesting way.
Art: I’m very interested in art, so I have decided to take part in an art class on the weekend. I hope I can work in art after I finish my studies.
I am sure I will do well in the new school year with the study plan.
1. From the passage, we know that the writer likes ________ best.A.English | B.art |
C.history | D.science |
A.a study plan |
B.her favorite subjects |
C.the last winner vacation |
D.the subjects she has |
A.space | B.giving reasons |
C.time | D.examples |
A.good | B.a lot of | C.different kinds of | D.a few |
A.Britain | B.France. | C.Germany | D.Canada |
【推荐2】Research suggests that only around 8% of people feel they achieve their goals. That means around 92% don't. The question is: How do the 8% make it?
Select the necessary actions to achieve your goal. For example, if you need to talk to 10 people to make two sales, what do you need to do to find 10 people? If you need to have 100 leaders to find10 people to talk to, what will you do to find 100 leaders? Make a list of tasks that need to be completed.
Once you have your daily schedule and targets to shoot for during the process of working on your goal,
A.Less is more here |
B.Select your current main goals |
C.begin taking action and follow through |
D.make appropriate changes in your timeline |
E.Many factors go into whether or not goals are reached |
F.These can change over time or change as you accomplish them |
G.Then take time to put them into your schedule by making a daily plan |
【推荐3】When it’s five o'clock, people leave their office. The length of the workday, for many workers, is defined by time. They leave when the clock tells them they’re done.
These days, the time is everywhere: not just on clocks or watches, but on cell-phones and computers. That may be a bad thing, particularly at work. New research shows on that clock-based work schedules hinder morale (士气) and creativity.
Clock-timers organize their day by blocks of minutes and hours. For example: a meeting from 9 am to 10 a.m., research from 10 a.m. to noon, etc. On the other hand, task-timers have a list of things they want to accomplish. They work down the list, each task starts when the previous task is completed. It is said that all of us employ a mix of both these types of planning.
What, then, are the effects of thinking about time in these different ways? Does one make us more productive? Better at the tasks at hand? Happier? In experiments conducted by Tamar Avnet and Anne-Laure Sellier, they had participants organize different activities—from project planning, holiday shopping, to yoga—by time or to-do list to measure how they performed under “clock time” vs “task time.” They found clock timers to be more efficient but less happy because they felt little control over their lives. Task timers are happier and more creative, but less productive. They tend to enjoy the moment when something good is happening, and seize opportunities that come up.
The researchers argue that task-based organizing tends to be undervalued and under-supported in the business culture. Smart companies, they believe, will try to bake more task-based planning into their strategies.
This might be a small change to the way we view work and the office, but the researchers argue that it challenges a widespread characteristic of the economy: work organized by clock time. While most people will still probably need, and be, to some extent, clock-timers, task-based timing should be used when performing a job that requires more creativity. It’ll make those tasks easier, and the task-doers will be happier.
1. What is the way people often do their work according to the author?A.They give priority to the most urgent task on hand. |
B.They set a time limit for each specific task. |
C.They accomplish their tasks one by one. |
D.They combine clock-based and task-based planning. |
A.They tend to be more productive. | B.They always get their work done in time. |
C.They seize opportunities as they come up. | D.They have more control over their lives. |
A.It does not support the strategies adopted by smart companies. |
B.It attaches more importance to work efficiency than to workers’ lives. |
C.It does not lay enough emphasis on task-based practice. |
D.It aims to bring employees’ potential and creativity into full play. |
A.It is important to keep a balance between work and life. |
B.Performing creative jobs tends to make workers happier. |
C.Task-based timing is preferred for doing creative work. |
D.A scientific standard should be adopted in job evaluation. |
【推荐1】My roommate and I sat very still and held our breath to watch the showdown between ice skates Yuzurn Hanyu of Japan and Nathan Chen of the United States at the Beijing Winter Olympics. But when Mr. Chen launched himself into the air, it wasn’t his quadruple lip(四周跳) that caught my eye—it was the empty seats in the audience behind him. They looked familiar. Those seats were where my parents had stood, my dad holding a video camera to record my daily practice sessions so we could have a review later.
Born and raised in Beijing, I began skating at age 8. I’d seen Chinese pair skaters Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo’s performance at the 2006 winter games in Turin, Italy. They inspired a wave of national pride and made figure skating a mainstream sport in China. I joined the rash. Even though my coach told me I’d started skating too late to get into the top competition, I was convinced that one day I would be just like the skaters I saw on T¥.
I spent most of my name outside school at the rink(滑冰场). One day, two intense years later, I’d had enough. The pressure was too much. I told my parents I couldn’t do it anymore. Thankfully, they understood and let me stop. Then. I started a new athletic attempt —cross-country——running that I still pursue today. Even so51 still enjoyed watching figure skating on TV from time to time.
Right before COVID-19 lockdowns began, 1 returned home to Beijing over winter break from college in the U.S, In my cupboard I was surprised to find a shiny new pair of figure skates my dad had bought for me. Then, I brought the skates back with me to Boston.
This winter, inspired by the Beijing Olympics, I put on the skates again. I carefully steeped onto the ice at a Boston rink. And this skating felt the way it had when I fell in love with it for the first time. I danced on the ice, realizing that one cannot learn without falling sometimes or often.
1. What drew the author's attention to the empty seats?A.The shape of the seats. | B.Her childhood memory. |
C.The noise in the audience | D.A gesture from her roommate. |
A.She competed at the Beijing Olympics. |
B.She had a poor impression of Shen Xue. |
C.She got tired of her college life in the U.S. |
D.She was influenced by Chinese skaters. |
A.Easy-going and considerate. | B.Hardworking and brave. |
C.Confident and dynamic. | D.Warm-hearted and generous. |
A.Pursue a career in skating. | B.Work as a coach in Beijing . |
C.Take up her previous hobby. | D.Start cross-country running. |
【推荐2】The first time I went for a walk around my father-in-law’s neighbourhood in America was Garbage Day, and I was shocked to see what people were throwing out.
It was back in 1981, and I saw many people gather in someone’s front yard. As I went nearer to see what was happening, I got my first introduction to yard sales. For the few dollars I had in my wallet, I was able to buy a seven-inch black-and-white portable TV. I also bought a flashlight.
The following weekend, at another yard sale, I saw a 14-inch colour TV being sold for almost nothing. I felt I could not miss the offer and bought it. Now I had two sets and couldn’t wait to see what else I could afford the next weekend.
Spring ended, and by then I had accumulated almost every type of electronic equipment I had always wished to have back home.
Then this new idea came to mind. I had heard about a man who travelled back home every few months. He drove a truck filled with boxes of new and used stuff that people were sending to relatives. So I told my father that I would send as many types of items as I could so that he could start his resale business.
Every few months I would gather several boxes of American “junk” televisions, toasters, fans, hair dryers, etc. and sent them home. As word got out about my father’s “trash” market, people all came to buy these things.
Three years later, when I visited my family for the first time since leaving home, I learned that many of the families in our neighborhood had a piece of “trash”. It proved that I had the responsibility to keep people back home in Guatemala up to date with the latest technology you no longer need.
1. According to the text, a yard sale is a place where people ________.A.sell their front yards at a low price |
B.sell unwanted things in their own yards |
C.gather in someone’s yard to enjoy things |
D.throw away their trash in someone’s yard |
A.the second TV set was bigger |
B.the second TV set was a colour TV |
C.the second TV set was very cheap |
D.he wanted two TV sets very much |
A.He thought they were valuable. |
B.He thought they were not worth buying. |
C.He was not surprised to see them thrown away. |
D.He thought he could sell them for a good price. |
A.the author comes from a poor place |
B.the author often goes home to sell the “junk” |
C.the author buys the “junk” only to make profits |
D.the “junk” is not welcomed in the author’s hometown |
【推荐3】“You should get a cat,” my doctor said. “A cat?” I couldn’t even look after myself. I took a deep breath and carefully considered the idea of welcoming a feline (猫科的) friend into my life.
Adopting an animal during the height of the pandemic was far from easy. When my partner and I found Cinnamon, her adoption profile made her out as the perfect kitten. We filled out the paperwork and had a few weeks to prepare for her arrival.
When she came home, it became increasingly obvious that Cinnamon didn’t understand “no”, “stop it” or “don’t do that”. She was the worst cat I’ve ever owned. I was beginning to doubt my doctor’s advice.
We decided to start taking her for walks. I could barely leave the house before, but my heart couldn’t say no to Cinnamon. Cinnamon showed me what bravery looked like if there was a dog at a park, she would run toward it. She jumped without knowing where she would land. She loved adventure. I found myself mirroring her behavior after a while, jumping out of bed without a second thought. I began to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning.
Cinnamon unfortunately passed away after a medical accident, leaving a cat-sized hole in my heart the day she left us at only six months old. I’m no stranger to sadness or grief, but losing my pet so suddenly was the most confusing emotional experience I’ve ever had. She was supposed to help me through more of my life than the three short months we had her.
Our time is often cut unpredictably, unmistakably short. It would be a shame to live life being anything less than brave and adventurous.
1. Why did the doctor advise the author to get a cat?A.To teach her to interact with animals. |
B.To assist her to fill up her spare time. |
C.To help her out of her mental disease. |
D.To ensure her safety in time of pandemic. |
A.Stupid but lovely. | B.Outgoing and aggressive. |
C.Stubborn but courageous. | D.Naughty and adventurous. |
A.Why Cinnamon loved going outside. |
B.How Cinnamon affected the author positively. |
C.Why the author decided to take Cinnamon outside. |
D.How Cinnamon interacted with the author outdoors. |
A.The loss of a pet is painful. | B.The short life is unpredictable. |
C.Friendship with pets is helpful. | D.The courage to take risks is beneficial. |