How to store food properly is one of those things people can’t seem to come to an agreement on. Check the kitchen of any given household and you’ll find onions in the refrigerator, ketchup in the pantry(食品储藏柜), and vice versa.
Another thing that can let people make mistakes when they’re putting away their groceries is condiments(调味品).
| A．If you won’t be eating them any time soon |
| B．One of the biggest sources of confusion is fresh produce |
| C．The one exception to this rule is how to store apples |
| D．If you didn’t find something in the refrigerated section of the store |
| E．A lot of sauce bottles say to put them in the refrigerator after opening |
| F．Though proper ways to store food may be a mystery to many people |
| G．Food storage is just one thing people often get wrong in their kitchens |
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【推荐1】Looking at his pile of unpaid bills always makes Giuseppe Del Giudice feel uneasy.More often than not,Del Giudice leaves his paperwork undone and sweeps the floor or watches TV instead,waiting until the last moment to write the monthly checks.
Everyone procrastinates(拖延）.＂It's part of the human condition,"says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl,"One of the ways we cope is avoidance,and that's what procrastination comes down to:We want to feel good now.The way to do that is avoid the task."You can procrastinate on nearly anything,even enjoyable tasks such as planning a vacation.
One that almost everyone procrastinates on is their wills.70 to 80 percent of people,when they pass away,have no will or an out-of-date or incomplete will.It leaves terrible situations. But death isn't actually the cause of avoidance.Research has shown that the top tasks people delay are cleaning,advancing their careers,taking care of their health,and planning their finances.
Some people welcome procrastination,believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers don't agree with the idea.I did an experiment several years ago,putting procrastinators under restrictions of time,"says Joseph Ferrari,a psychology professor at DePaul University."They did worse than nonprocrastinators, but they thought they did better.They made more errors.They took longer."
Whatever the motivation,procrastination is usually not going to be good for you.Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease.Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life.Just thinking about what you haven't done may cause discomfort."Procrastinators higher levels of anxiety,"says Fuschia Sirois,a psychology lecturer at the of Sheffield."Some of the research has shown that this anxiety increases their possibility catching colds and experiencing many other health problems."
For those of us in need of motivation,the best advice might be to think small.
＂We used to believe behaviors follow attitude,but if you can start with a little bit of progress,that motivates you, Pychyl says.So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine,just put on your walking shoes.If you've been putting off a work project, reread your boss's notes about it.
Next,try sending yourself signals to motivate action.For instance,you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch(变光开关）to encourage a fixed bedtime.Joel Anderson,a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University,carried out an experiment around this concept,and it worked on most of his subjects."They formed an intention,"Anderson says. ＂When the lights start to dim,I'll start going to bed."
Finally,reward yourself for each step you take toward your goal.After you've gone to the gym,take a relaxing bath.After you've paid the bills,watch your favorite TV show.(But don't try to convince yourself it will work the other way around!)
1. The author mentions Giuseppe Del Giudice at the beginning to_________| A．provide a setting | B．describe the main character |
| C．introduce the topic | D．explain a phenomenon |
| A．to feel good for the moment | B．to avoid the task |
| C．to leave things till the last moment | D．to carry out enjoyable asks first |
| A．Advancing their careers. | B．Taking care of their health. |
| C．Planning their finances. | D．Doing exercise. |
| A．Consequences of procrastination. | B．Significance of procrastination. |
| C．Motivation behind procrastination. | D．Physical problems with procrastination. |
| A．Buy a dress of larger size while losing weight. |
| B．Treat yourself to a chocolate bar before working out. |
| C．Place your cellphone within sight when doing homework. |
| D．Write down your goal and stick it where you can see easily. |
| A．To analyze the origin of procrastination. |
| B．To present people's opinions of procrastination. |
| C．To persuade people to accept procrastination. |
| D．To urge people to say goodbye to procrastination. |
【推荐2】How to create an effective action plan
Creating a powerful action plan always begins with having a clear purpose or goal in mind. It is designed to take you from wherever you are right now directly to the accomplishment of your stated goal.
Know what you want to do. The less clear you are about what you want to do，the less effective your plan will be.
Work backwards from your end goal. Identify your end goal，then list everything you need to do to accomplish it.
Break large tasks down into smaller ones.
| A．Put timelines on everything. |
| B．Be clear about what you want to achieve anytime. |
| C．Some tasks may seem more difficult to achieve than others. |
| D．Try to specifically define what you want to achieve as early as possible. |
| E．Keep in mind that your plan may change as you work toward your goal. |
| F．Depending on your goal，you may even consider different ways to reach your goal. |
| G．With a well－designed plan，you can achieve nearly any goal you set out to accomplish. |
【推荐3】What would the world be if there were no hunger? It’s a question that the late (已故的) ecologist Donella Meadows would ask her students at Dartmouth College back in the 1970s. She set out to create a global movement. The result — an approach known as systems thinking — is now seen as essential in meeting big global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition. According to systems thinking, changing the food system — or any other network — requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition for example. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization tracked 150 biochemicals in food and various databases, which revealed the relationships between calories, sugar, fat, vitamins and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, network scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking — which, in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power and status. But the food system is not an equal one. There have been calls for a World Food and Nutrition Organization, so that legally binding policies can be applied to all its members. Another way to address power imbalances is for more universities to do what Meadows did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
A team of researchers has done just that, through the Interdisciplinary Food Systems Teaching and Learning program. Students from disciplines including agriculture, ecology and economics learn together by drawing on their collective expertise in addressing real-world problems, such as how to reduce food waste. Since its launch in 2015, the program has trained more than 1,500 students from 45 university departments.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and embrace a systems approach, as the editors of Nature Food advocate in their launch editorial. Meadows knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.| A．how to conduct research efficiently |
| B．how to build a world food organization |
| C．an approach to solving real-world problem |
| D．an approach to applying scientific findings |
| A．artificial intelligence is more useful than traditional methods |
| B．achieving systems thinking requires identifying more components |
| C．we are unable to gain thorough understanding of our nutritious system |
| D．some biochemicals are related with the occurrence of common diseases |
| A．It is the only way of solving imbalance in our food system. |
| B．It aims to urge the governments to carry out its food policies. |
| C．It seeks to solve theoretical issues about food and nutrition |
| D．It has cultivated many interdisciplinary talents since its launch. |
| A．No results can be achieved if nobody is willing to take responsibility. |
| B．Vision is the first necessary step towards solving global challenges. |
| C．Vision is not as important as understanding the nature of problems. |
| D．Systems thinking is unrealistic, so concrete action should be taken. |
【推荐1】Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions (碳排放). Buying local. food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly.
However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a 2008 study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% came from the final delivery (运输) of the product from the producer to the seller.
In fact, imported food from other countries often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best thing for British people to do is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the tomatoes grow well in the local climate.
We must also take into consideration the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small number of goods are flown to foreign countries, and these are usually high value, perishable (易腐烂的) goods which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using human labour and natural fertilisers (肥料), unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilisers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower.
It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance customers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will wipe out any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce.
Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling (标记) foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled.
1. What can we learn about “food miles”?| A．It influences how people deliver and transport food. |
| B．It will increase if people are encouraged to buy local food. |
| C．It is the key factor contributing to a food’s carbon emissions. |
| D．It shows how far the food goes from farmland to supermarkets. |
| A．transporting food by air is the most energy-saving type of shipping |
| B．storing local food creates more carbon emissions than importing food |
| C．human labour and natural fertilisers can increase the carbon footprint |
| D．growing out-of-season food takes less energy than importing food in season |
| A．Supportive. | B．Confused. | C．Negative. | D．Doubtful. |
【推荐2】Many people have their breakfast with a glass of milk. Right now, cows, buffalos, goats and sheep provide most of the world’s milk. But soon, people could get milk from roaches (蟑螂).
That isn’t as crazy as it might sound. New research shows this “milk” is super-nutritious. What’s more, some scientists have already found milk from a lot of insects.
In 2004, Subra Rama started studying milk crystals found inside the roach. At the time, he was teaching biochemistry at the University of Iowa City.
To learn more about the milk crystal from roaches, the scientists used X-rays to look at the atoms in it. The data revealed the chemical secret of the roach crystal. They showed that roach milk is a “complete food”. It contains sugar with a fatty acid stuck to it. Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats. The protein in the milk is also full of essential amino (氨基的) acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Since our bodies can’t produce the “essential” ones, we need to get them from our food. And so do baby roaches.
Barbara Stay, a biologist at Iowa University, also worked on the new study. She says the new data show that the roach milk is “three times more nutritious than cow’s milk and four times more nutritious than buffalo’s milk”.
Rama would like to see roach milk turned into a protein supplement to feed hungry people. But not everyone is confident that it can be done.
Marcel Dicke studies insects as a potential source of human food at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Dicke says this is a “sound study”. However, in his opinion, “Extracting (提取) milk from roaches can only likely be done in a destructive way with only small quantities”. That means you’d have to raise and kill many bugs to get very little milk.
1. What is the opinion of the scientists about milk in Paragraph 2?| A．Many insects are sources of milk. |
| B．Milk is an important part of breakfast. |
| C．Milk from insects is the most nutritious. |
| D．Milk from insects is well accepted now. |
| A．Useless. | B．Disappointing. | C．Good. | D．Expensive. |
| A．simple | B．challenging | C．safe | D．necessary |
| A．Roach milk is in our plate |
| B．Roach milk could be produced industrially |
| C．A probable new super food — Roach milk |
| D．Roach milk will be widely used soon |
【推荐3】For some climate challenges, there are relatively straightforward fixes. For example, renewable energy sources can already replace much of the energy needed to power buildings, cars and more.
There’s no substitute for food, but shifting what we eat is possible. If everyone on the planet ate vegetables, greenhouse gas emissions from the food system could be cut by more than half; a planet of vegetarians would reduce food emissions by two thirds. If we stopped consuming conventional food and relied on a lab-grown nutritional food instead of soil or water-produced food, we could prevent about 1 degree centigrade of future warming, according to a recent paper that considered the unique thought experiment.
“What this work says is: Hey, look, we can still get pretty big wins even if we’re not making these really big changes in dietary composition,” says Clark. “I think that’s really powerful, because a lot of people just don’t want to make those really big dietary changes, for many reasons. While vegetarian diets are becoming more common in America and some European countries, it’s absolutely ridiculous to assume that everyone will be eating a vegetarian diet 30 years from now,” he says.
Food choices are personal, deeply connected to cultural, religious, emotional, economic concerns and so much more. “Rather than dictate how to do it, it’s much better to try to give choices,” says Naglaa, a food, nutrition and environment researcher at Tufts University. This approach aims to inform people so that they can make choices that correspond with their needs and values instead of waiting for the authority’s rules and orders. As a whole, those choices can benefit both human health and the planet. For that to happen, it is necessary to work alongside large-scale efforts to reshape industrial food production.
“But what people choose to eat daily is far from insignificant,” says Clark. “We don’t all have to become vegetarians overnight. Small changes can make a big difference.”
1. How does the author show the effects of dietary changes in paragraph 2?| A．By analyzing the reasons. | B．By using a quotation. |
| C．By answering questions. | D．By listing data. |
| A．Indifferent. | B．Skeptical. | C．Favorable. | D．Negative. |
| A．Command. | B．Persuade. | C．Perceive. | D．Describe. |
| A．How small changes to our diets can benefit the planet |
| B．Small changes in life choices can make a big difference |
| C．Why renewable energy sources can reduce gas emissions |
| D．Lab-grown nutritional food could prevent future warming |
