【推荐1】When high temperatures are around the country, some things also go up. Here are four things expected to rise along with our desire to stay indoors and best the heat.

①Sales of goods that keep you cool.

Malls are high on the list of places where people often go for free air conditioning outside home in summer.    1    Goods related to keeping cool, like air conditioners, fans or sun care items, are very popular.

②    2    

Pests like stink bugs(椿象) grow fast during summer heat waves, and many agriculture experts are expecting a repeat of last year’s incident that harmed fruit and crops, particularly on the East Coast.

③Energy bills

    3    With all those air conditioners and fans working, it makes sense that energy bills will be higher than average.    4    “Not only are people going to have extremely high energy bills for July, it will also put increased stress on power plants, and we’re going to see more air pollution because of it,” says Angela Fritz.

④Violence

Heat waves may cause violence, right?

Not necessarily, says Richard Larrick, a researcher. He took a unique look at the relationship between violence and heat through baseball. Larrick and his research team examined 57,294 Major League Baseball games taking place between 1952 and 2017 and found that while heat may increase violence, there always has to be a motive. “    5    Instead, heat affects a specific form of violence,” he said.

A．Air pollution

B．Pest population

C．Rising heat is the expected response in any summer

D．Heat does not directly lend to more violence in general

E．More and more people are worried about their expenses

F．As more energy is used, air-quality problems may occur

G．So it’s not a surprise that some sales jump during heat waves.

【推荐2】When you are trying to make an important decision, do you always consider all of the possibilities? We tend to think that we take all the choices into consideration, but the reality is that we often overlook some possibilities. In some cases, our attention becomes focused on just a few of the possibilities and we ignore the rest. This tendency represents a type of cognitive bias (认知偏向) known as attentional bias. This affects not only the things that we notice in the environment, but the decisions that we make based upon what we have noticed.

So why do we pay more attention to certain stimuli (刺激) and ignore others? Some experts believe that this tendency might have an evolutionary basis. In order to ensure survival, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they paid greater attention to risky things in the environment and ignored things that did not present a threat. If you have ever been in a frightening situation and experienced what is often referred to as “tunnel vision” in which you became hyper-aware (超感知的) and focused on a specific threat, you can probably see how this tendency can be helpful.

Researchers have found that emotional states can influence attentional bias. Anxious individuals tend to exhibit attentional bias early during the information process, while depressed individuals usually show attentional bias when stimuli are presented for a long period of time.

One method that has been used to study attentional biases is known as the Stroop test. In this test, participants are asked to name the colour of a printed word. In experiments, participants are shown words that are either emotionally negative or emotionally neutral.

“Attentional bias is shown if participants take longer to name the colours of emotionally negative words than neutral words on the assumption that the increased naming time occurs because words which show subjective feelings have to be attended to more than words which don’t,” explain Eysenck and Keane in their textbook Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Primarily, the participants pay more attention to emotionally negative words, so it takes them longer to name the colours of these words than those words that require less attention.

As you might imagine, this type of bias can have a dramatic influence on the decision-making process and can lead people to make bad or wrong choices. Researchers have found that people who have eating disorders tend to pay more attention to stimuli related to food while individuals experiencing drug addictions (上瘾) tend to be hyper-sensitive to drug-related information. For individuals struggling to recover from an eating disorder or addiction, this tendency to pay attention to certain signals while discounting others can make recovery much more difficult.

Attentional bias can also have an influence on memories. Since people can become overly focused on a single stimulus, they might ignore other aspects of the situation. When recollecting the event later on, memories may be distorted (扭曲的), incorrect, or incomplete due to this bias.

1. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Our ancestors had more serious attentional bias than us.

B．The Stroop test was created by Eysenck and Keane.

C．Everyone will experience tunnel vision in his life.

D．It’s difficult for us to avoid attentional bias.

2. According to the passage, one reason for attentional bias is _____.

A．emotion	B．environment
C．evolution	D．cognition

3. The Stroop test is used to find out _____.

A．how long attentional bias can last

B．whether a person has attentional bias

C．emotions’ influences on attentional bias

D．the relationship between colour and attentional bias

4. What does the underlined word “neutral” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean?

A．Avoiding expressing any strong opinion.

B．Obvious and clear to understand.

C．Expecting good things.

D．Not in use any more.

5. According to the passage, attentional bias can _____.

A．help people make decisions

B．cause people to eat more food

C．make people lose their memories

D．prevent addicts removing their bad habits

6. What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To talk about attentional bias.

B．To show the effect of attentional bias.

C．To present research on attentional bias.

D．To introduce the cause of attentional bias.

【推荐1】B
Good afternoon, and welcome to England. We hope that your visit here will be a pleasant one. Today, I would draw your attention to a few of our laws.
The first one is drinking. Now, you may not buy wine in this country if you are under 18 years of age, nor may your friends buy it for you.
Secondly, noise. Enjoy yourselves by all means, but please don’t make unnecessary noise, particularly at night. We ask you to respect other people who may wish to be quiet.
Thirdly, crossing the road. Be careful, the traffic moves on the left side of the road in this country. Use pedestrian crossing and don’t take any chance when crossing the road.
My next point is about rubbish. It isn’t lawful to drop rubbish in the street. When you have something to throw away, please put it in your pocket and take it home, or put it in a dustbin.
Finally, as regards smoking, it is against law to buy cigarettes or tobacco if you are under 16 years of age.
Ilike to finish by saying that if you require any sort of help or assistance, you should contact the police, who will be pleased to help you. You can call, write or directly go to ask any policeman.
1. Who do you think is most likely to make the speech?

A．A teacher	B．A person who makes the law
C．A guide	D．An English officer

2. How many laws are there discussed in the speech?

A．Three

B．Four

C．Five

D．Six

3. The main purpose of this speech is to _________ .

A．tell people those above 18 can smoke and drink there

B．give advice to travelers to the country

C．declare the different laws of England

D．warn people against going to the country

4. From the speech we have learnt that _________.

A．in the country, if you are 18 years of age, you may not buy wine, but your friends can buy it for you

B．you may not buy cigarettes or tobacco unless you are above 16 years of age

C．because the traffic moves on the left side of the road, you must use pedestrian when crossing the road

D．you can’t make a noise except at night

【推荐2】The complexities of human relations are difficult enough for adults to identify — and they have at least some idea of the rules. Children have yet to learn those rules. Infants are, nevertheless, able quickly to identify close relationships between other people, and thus to build up a map of the social world around them.

How this comes out has puzzled sociologists for decades. In a paper just published in Science, Ashley Thomas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposes a partial answer: saliva (唾液) shared by kissing, for example, or the common use of an eating or drinking tool.

The researchers came to the conclusion based on a series of studies. To study those questions, the researchers observed toddlers (16.5 to 18.5 months) and babies (8.5 to 10 months) as they watched a video to see interactions between human actors and puppets (木偶). In the experiment, a puppet shared an orange with one actor, which indicates involvement of sharing saliva, and then threw a ball back and forth with a different actor. The researchers observed the children’s reactions when the puppet showed distress while sitting between the two actors. The team found that the infants were more likely to look toward the actor who had shared food with the puppet, not the one who had shared a toy, when the puppet was in distress.

Conducting her experiment by video enabled Dr. Thomas to cast her search for trial participants beyond Massachusetts. She nevertheless decided, in this first instance, to limit things to the United States. Future runs, she hopes, will reach beyond that country’s borders.

1. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Adult’s identifying human relations.

B．Children’s learning interpersonal rules.

C．Babies’ getting to know new things around them.

D．Infants’ recognizing relationships between people.

2. Which can best describe the research process?

A．Well-designed.	B．Time-consuming.
C．Tightly-scheduled.	D．Risk-taking.

3. What can the tests illustrate?

A．Infants tend to believe in adults blindly.

B．Saliva sharing is indicative of closeness.

C．Infants are competent to show sympathy.

D．Saliva sharing acts as a comfort for infants.

4. What was Dr. Thomas’s expectation for the future tests?

A．An extension of age group.	B．More advanced equipment.
C．A broader regional coverage.	D．Diverse experimental methods.

【推荐1】There are many places to go on safari（观赏野生动物）in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys.
Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers.Theyhave a reputation for providing a great riding experience.
The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face. It is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.
In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace. With golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.
Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback Safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.
1. What does the underlined word "They" refer to?

A．Flooded waters.	B．Wildlife journey.
C．Safari camps.	D．Unique rides.

2. What does the author find most exciting about a horse safari?

A．Seeing and feeling the real African life.

B．Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.

C．Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.

D．Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.

3. What does the underlined word "sedate" probably mean?

A．Wild and romantic.	B．Slow and peaceful.
C．Hurry and thirsty.	D．Active and excited.

4. The author introduced the riding experience in the OKavango Delta mainly by________.

A．Following space order	B．Following time order
C．Making classifications	D．Giving examples

【推荐2】Sleep's Effect on the Brain's Performance

When you have a busy schedule, it can be easy to neglect your sleep because of the different items you want to get done on your checklist each day. Whether you stay up late responding to emails or cut your sleep short to exercise in the morning, lack of sleep can start to have a negative effect on the brain. Your sleep can affect your brain's performance in a few main ways.

When your brain doesn't have time to rest, it can slow down your ability to think quickly, as well as your reaction time. You may have difficulty trying to stay awake and become more alert, which can affect how well you make decisions. You may find yourself taking more risks than normal.

Studies also show that memory and sleep are closely linked, which means it can be difficult to recall certain details or facts if you fail to get at least seven hours of sleep each night. NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep) and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep are necessary for remembering basic facts to improve your efficiency and ability to perform different tasks. In particular, fragmented sleep can affect the memory even if you get seven to eight hours of sleep each night.

Those who are easy to suffer from migraines (偏头痛) are at a higher risk of developing a headache if they don't get consistent, quality sleep. Studies show sleep loss also increases the risk of diabetes. It affects the body's ability to release insulin, resulting in higher blood sugar levels. Your body also has more difficulty determining when it's full while eating, which can make it easy to consume more calories than you need throughout the day.

There are many ways your sleep can affect the brain's performance and impact every area of your life. Scheduling your sleep and creating a restful, comfortable setting in the bedroom can make it easier to feel relaxed and recharged.

1. What is the function of the first paragraph?

A．To stress what a busy life people live nowadays.

B．To warn the readers of the importance of sleep.

C．To show brain sometimes has poor performance.

D．To introduce the theme of the whole passage.

2. What would happen if you have a slower reaction time?

A．Your ability to drive safely will be influenced.

B．You can realize your mistakes in a short time.

C．Your ability to remember is likely to decline.

D．You can't carry out a few tasks at the same time.

3. What does the underlined word "fragmented" mean in the 3rd paragraph?

A．Sound.

B．Broken.

C．Adequate.

D．Dreamless.

4. Why do some people suffer from diabetes?

A．Sleep loss leads to the decline of insulin.

B．People fail to control the amount of intake.

C．People don't know the calories they need.

D．Sleep loss results in their poor appetite.

【推荐3】When I was a small boy, I noticed that though many of the adults around me were wealthy and educated, they were not always happy and this sometimes led them to behave in ways, which I, as a child, thought strange. As a result of that, I decided to try to understand what happiness was and how best to achieve it. It was not surprising, then, that I decided to study psychology.

On arrival at the university, I was disappointed to find that academic psychologists were trying to understand human behaviour by studying rats in a lab. I felt that there must be other more useful ways of learning how we think and feel. I decided to build my career on trying to discover what made others happy. I started out by studying creative people such as musicians, artists and athletes because they were people who devoted their lives to doing what they wanted to do, rather than things that just brought them financial rewards.

Later, I expanded the study by inventing a system called “the experience sampling method”. Ordinary people were asked to keep an electronic pager(传呼机) for a week which gave out a beeping sound eight times a day. Every time it did so, they wrote down where they were, what they were doing, how they felt and how much they were concentrating. This system has now been used on more than 10，000 people, and the answers are consistent: as with creative people, ordinary people are happiest when concentrating hard.

I found that the most obvious cause of happiness is intense concentration. This must be the main reason why activities such as music, art, literature, sports and other forms of leisure have survived. In order to concentrate, whether you're reading a poem or building a sandcastle, what you need is a challenge that matches your ability. The way to remain continually happy, therefore, is to keep finding new opportunities to improve your skills. This may mean learning to do your job better or faster, or doing other more difficult jobs. As you grow older, you have to find new challenges which are more appropriate to your age.

1. What led the author to study psychology?

A．His determination to become rich.	B．His observation of adults.
C．His unhappy childhood.	D．His interest in strangers.

2. Who were the author's study subjects at the start of his career?

A．People having deep affection for their career.

B．People very aware of their personal life.

C．People successful in acquiring wealth.

D．People with more freedom.

3. The author used his system to show that ________．

A．people's happiness depends on who they are with

B．people are happier when they focus on an activity

C．creative people are happier than ordinary people

D．ordinary people find it hard to concentrate

4. According to the text, people concentrate more when they are doing ______．

A．something strange and enjoyable	B．things appropriate to their ages
C．something difficult but possible	D．many things at the same time

【推荐1】When an editor called to ask if I could photograph a story about fireflies in Mexico, I didn’t check my schedule before I said yes. I’d seen these insects light up the forests in Tlaxcala once before, and I jumped at the chance to go back.

I had three nights to capture the magical scene in the forest. Camera stand in hand, I hiked with my colleagues into the foggy forest at dusk. According to our guides, visitors are usually not allowed to photograph the fireflies because the presence of artificial light from electronics can affect their habits. As I started shooting, I adjusted my exposures constantly to account for the fading light. In order to get the composition that I wanted, I placed my camera stand on a steep, rocky path and had to steady it during the long exposures. Normally this wouldn’t be a big deal, but the fireflies were very interested in the camera and, by extension, in me. I stood completely still while they crawled all over me—my arms, my hair, my face—and tickled (呵痒) my nose and cheeks. From what I observed, peak firefly presence happens for only about 20 minutes each night, so I had time for just a few tries.

On the last night everything came together. The weather cooperated. I had improved my method for focusing and composing in the dark with quick flashes from a powerful flashlight—and I’d grown accustomed to insects on my face. I was rewarded with the image you see here. Each spot of light is one of several bursts that a firefly makes as it travels in a 30-second exposure. You can trace the insects’ paths: Some make small circles, like those in the bottom center of the frame, while others move steadily in one direction or another.

The first time I visited the fireflies, I didn’t have the pressure of trying to capture and convey this astonishing scene. That will always be my favorite experience with these shining creatures.

1. According to the passage, the author most probably is a(n) ______.

A．field biologist	B．insect observer
C．expert photographer	D．mountain hiker

2. The author placed the camera stand on a steep and rocky path to ______.

A．make up for the dying light	B．keep away from the annoying fireflies
C．obtain an ideal image	D．catch peak firefly presence

3. We can learn from the passage that the author ______.

A．was accused of capturing wild fireflies

B．endured physically to get first-hand firefly shots

C．was tired of the exposure to dark forests

D．got his most satisfying image on the second night

4. What does the author think of his experience in the forest?

A．Fascinating.	B．Passionate.
C．Surprising.	D．Miserable.

【推荐2】At 12 years old, Braeden Mannering is already well on his way to running an empire! A 2016 win of Delaware's Healthy Lunchtime Challenge brought Braeden to the White House, where the president asked the children at the event to think about how they could pay the experience forward.

A few days later, on the drive back home, Braeden saw a homeless man in the rain. He had his parents stop so that he cold give the man a bag of snacks. Braeden knew at that moment that this was how he wanted to pay it forward. He knew what he wanted to do in the future. He felt that it was his duty to help people in trouble.

Since that day in July,2016,Braeden has handed out over 8,000 bags to the homeless through his organization Brae's Brown Bags, also known as 3B.These bags vary (各不相同) in contents, and include food, toiletries (化妆品) and even books for the kids 'bags.

In addition to packing and distributing (分发) bags, Braeden travels the country, giving talks in schools to inspire other young people to help their communities. On his travel, he's raised$60,000 to expand his program. He also is a leader at the annual Delaware Hunger Conference, where he encourages kids to write to lawmakers and help pack bags, showing them how to make a difference.

This is a huge accomplishment, especially for someone of his age. But, as he says, “Anyone can change the world, as long as you dream big."

1. What does the underlined word "it" in Para.2 refer to?

A．The bag.	B．The experience.
C．The event.	D．The moment.

2. What does the boy's organization try to do?

A．Provide children with clothes.

B．Help homeless women with make-up.

C．Hand out bags for people to do shopping.

D．Donate things in bags to people losing their homes.

3. Which of the following is NOT the reason why Braeden travels the country?

A．To raise some money.

B．To give talks in schools.

C．To pay a visit to some lawmakers.

D．To inspire young people to help their communities.

4. How does the author like the boy's career?

A．It is great considering his young age.

B．It is not a little boy's task to do so.

C．The government should give him more help.

D．He sets a good example for other children.

【推荐3】We’re not sure where letting children drink wine fits into permissive, authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles, but a research team from the University of New South Wales are trying to find it out.

During their study, researchers discovered that kids who were given alcohol by their parents were more likely to be consuming whole drinks by the time they were 15 or 16, but were far less likely to binge-drink(酗酒).

The researchers analyzed nearly 2,000 Year 7 students and their parents over a four-year period. They measured the teenagers’ consumption of whole drinks, their binge drinking—consuming four or more drinks at a time, as well as who supplied them with the alcohol: their parents, friends, or other adults. The study found that when children were given alcohol from their parents, they were least likely to binge-drink.

But what about the long-reported damage that alcohol can have on developing teenage brains? Lead author of this study, Professor Richard Mattick, says that giving children alcohol at an earlier age could serve as a preventative measure of kids developing alcohol-related problems later in life.   “There’s a body of research indicating the adolescent brain is still developing well into the early 20s and alcohol may prevent the best development,” says Professor Mattick. “But also we know parents want to do the right thing for their children and there has been anecdotal evidence that children introduced to alcohol by their parents, as is common in some European cultures, may be less likely to develop problems with alcohol.”

However, there’s one result from the study Professor Mattick can’t ignore: that being given alcohol at an early age by the parents doubled (使加倍) children’s possibility of drinking than their peers (同龄人). “There may be later harms that are not yet obvious, and we’re aware that an early start of drinking is strongly associated with later alcohol use problems in adulthood—putting it off is the best strategy.”

1. According to the researchers, kids supplied with alcohol by their parents will be______.

A．more likely to quit drinking in adulthood

B．less likely to grow into teenage binge-drinkers

C．more likely to grow into binge-drinkers

D．less likely to have whole drinks as teenagers

2. Who affected kids’ drinking behaviors the most in the study?

A．Their parents	B．Their friends
C．School authorities	D．Strangers

3. Which statement will Professor Mattick agree with?

A．The brain stops developing before the age of 20.

B．Alcohol won’t damage the developing teenage brains.

C．Giving kids alcohol at an earlier age may have its benefit.

D．European kids tend to develop problems with alcohol.

4. On Professor Mattick’s advice, parents had better________.

A．let kids drink alcohol at an early age

B．make kids start drinking alcohol late

C．forbid kids to drink alcohol at any age

D．permit kids to drink alcohol at will