Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Because of industrialization and a vast increase in agricultural output, in Europe as a whole, the population rose from 188 million in 1800 to 400 million in 1900. By 1900, virtually every area of Europe
Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century. New lands were put under cultivation, while the use of crops of American origin, particularly the potato, continued to expand. After 1850, the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,
Two developments were crucial. First, the application of science and new technology to agriculture increased. Led by German universities, an increasing number of researches
Europe's population growth had included one additional innovation by the nineteenth century - rapid urbanization. With a growing number of people
Reformers, including enlightened doctors, began to study the causes of high death rates and to urge reform. For instance, Edwin Chadwick led an urban campaign for underground sewers (下水道) in England in the 1830s. Gradually, public health provisions began to cut into customary urban mortality rates. Around 1900, in some parts of Western, Europe life expectancy in the cities began to surpass
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