Back in 2011,archaeologists first discovered a lost highway littered with Viking artifacts(古器物)—sleds, horse bones, walking sticks, a 1,700—year—old sweater and heap after heap of horse dung.
But now archaeologists have discovered so much more. They've published new research describing hundreds of items that have been found along Lendbreen pass: shoes, parts of sleds, and bones from packhorses. It would have remained hidden forever had the ice not rapidly begun melting, revealing all that roadside Viking litter.
The highway winds its way over the Lendbreen ice patch(流冰区) in Norway's Jotunheim Mountains, about 200 miles north of Oslo. "The pass was at its busiest during the Viking Age around 1,000 A.D., a time of high mobility and growing trade across Scandinavia and Europe," study co—author James Barrett said.
According to researchers, the highway was possibly built around the year 300. At the time, heavy snow covered rocks underfoot. Trading posts were built along the nearby Otta River. The road may have thrived for many more centuries.
“The decline of the Lendbreen pass was probably caused by a combination of economic changes, climate change and late medieval pandemics(中世纪流行病), including the Black Death,” study co—author Lars Pilo explained. “When the local area recovered, things had changed, and the Lendbreen pass was lost to memory.”
“The objects are amazingly well preserved,” study co—author Espen Finstad added. “It is like they were lost a short time ago, not centuries or millennia ago.”
For archaeologists, the Lendbreen ice patch seems like a gift from the ancient past. But it's alarming that it's unwrapping itself so rapidly. "Global warming is leading to the melting of mountain ice worldwide," said Pilo. “Trying to save the remains of a melting world is a very exciting job—the finds are just an archaeologist's dream—but at the same time, it is also a job you cannot do without deep worry.”
1. How many archaeologists joined efforts to publish the new research?A.One. | B.Two. | C.Three. | D.Four. |
A.Grow weakly. | B.Develop badly. |
C.Grow happily. | D.Develop successfully. |
A.Excited and concerned. | B.Satisfied and disappointed. |
C.Delighted and depressed. | D.Astonished and discouraged. |
A.An ancient highway lost to memory. | B.A history of the lost highway. |
C.The mystery of the lost highway. | D.How to find the ancient highway. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Teenagers are damaging their health by not getting enough sleep because they are distracted (分散) by electronic products in their bedrooms,according to a survey.
UK advice body The Sleep Council said “junk sleep” could rival (比得上) the consumption of unhealthy junk food as a major lifestyle issue for parents of teenage children. It brings no less harm than junk food to one’s health. Its survey of 1,000 teenagers aged 12 to 16 found that 30 percent managed just 4 to 7 hours of sleep as opposed to (形成对照) the recommended 8 or 9 hours by the experts. Almost a quarter said they fell asleep more than once a week while watching TV, listening to music or using other electronic products.
“This is an extremely worrying situation,” said Dr. Chris Idzikowski of the Edinburgh Sleep Centre. “What we are seeing is the appearance of junk sleep — that is sleep which is of neither the length nor quality that it should be in order to feed the brain with the rest it needs to perform properly at school.”
Nearly all the teenagers had a phone, music system or TV in their bedroom, with around twothirds possessing all three. Almost one in five of the teenage boys said the quality of their sleep had been impacted by leaving their TVs or computers on. The survey also found that 40 percent of teenagers felt tired each day, with girls aged 15 to 16 doing the worst. However, just 11 percent said they were bothered by the lack or bad quality of sleep.
“I’m surprised that so few teenagers make the link between getting enough good quality sleep and how they feel during the day,” Idzikowski said. “Teenagers need to wake up to the fact to feel well, perform well and look well; they need to do something about their sleep.”
1. According to the experts, teenagers should sleep ________ every night.A.4 to 7 hours | B.8 or 9 hours |
C.6 or 7 hours | D.7 or 8 hours |
A.It’s a kind of sleep with poor quality. |
B.It’s a kind of sleep with shorter hours. |
C.It’s mainly caused by the electronic products in the bedroom. |
D.It’s not as harmful as junk food to one’s health. |
A.improved | B.destroyed |
C.affected | D.inspired |
A.worried | B.satisfied |
C.angry | D.disappointed |
【推荐2】Teenagers’ fitness is now a major concern, to which physical exercise is very important. It reduces stress and improves fitness. Exercise makes your body strong, and helps you to keep the right body weight. Sports scientist Dr. Helen Lopez offers the following advice to teenagers: “First, you need to find out your present level of fitness. Then you can design a programme that will help you become healthier. ”
Dr. Lopez points out that there are three levels of fitness that need a change of lifestyle. “Overweight” means that the person gets very little exercise and often has a serious weight problem. “Inactive” means that the person does not join in many physical activities, but is not seriously overweight. “Active” refers to people who take part in sports and other physical activities, but do not have a high fitness level.
According to Dr. Lopez, overweight teenagers should keep active to keep healthy. “Ride a bike, play volleyball or basketball for a while, and go for a twenty-minute walk each day. All these will help to burn calories.” Inactive teenagers should do similar activities, but add some bending and stretching exercises, such as push-ups and sit-ups, starting with twenty of each a day. “Inactive people can take a little more exercise than overweight people because their bodies are stronger,” said Dr. Lopez. The same principle applies to active teenagers.
Dr. Lopez suggests one hour a week or more on running and other forms of intensive exercise, together with fifteen minutes a day spent on stretching and bending activities. “These are really important in order to prevent injuries,” Dr. Lopez said. Some weight-training and other body-strengthening exercises could also be planned in the programme in order to increase the person’s strength.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT the reason why physical exercise is important?A.It can make the teenagers grow taller. | B.It can help teenagers become healthier. |
C.It can help to burn up calories. | D.It can increase teenagers’ strength. |
A.Active people always have a high fitness level. |
B.Overweight people always take more exercise. |
C.Inactive teenagers are not seriously overweight. |
D.Keeping fit means changing teenagers’ lifestyle. |
A.walking | B.stretching and bending | C.riding | D.weight-training |
A.Doing exercises | B.Teenagers’ Fitness | C.Different Lifestyles | D.Overweight Teenagers |
【推荐3】Definition of adult learning vary, but according to the European Commission, it is defined as all forms of learning undertaken by adults after having left initial education and training, however far this process may have gone.
Education and training are important factors in achieving the strategic goal of raising economic growth, competitiveness and social inclusion. However, with some expectations, implementation(实现,履行) remains weak. Most education and training system still largely focus on the education and training of young people and limited progress has been made in changing systems to mirror the need for learning throughout the life span. An additional 4 million adults would need to participate in lifelong learning. Recent research confirms the importance of investing in adult learning. Research on older adults indicates that those who engage in learning are healthier, with a consequent decrease in health care costs.
Europe’s key economic challenge is to raise its growth and employment performance while preserving social cohesion(凝聚力). Rapid progress in other regions(地区) of the world shows the importance of innovative (创新的), advanced and quality education and training as a key factor in economic competitiveness. General levels of competence must increase, both to meet the needs of the employment market and to allow citizens to function well in society.
Europe is facing unheard-of demographic changes that will have a major impact on society and on the economy and consequently on education and training provision and needs. The European population is aging: over the next 30 years the number of younger Europeans(up to 24 years old)will fall by 15%. One in three Europeans will be over 60 years old, and about one in then will be over 80.
Raising the overall level of skills of the adult population by offering more and better learning opportunities throughout adult life is important for both efficiency and equity reasons given the challenges identified above. Not only does adult learning help make adults more efficient workers and, better-informed and more active citizens, it also contributes to their personal well-being.
1. What dose the author say about adult learning?A.It reduces health care costs greatly. |
B.The young need take it seriously. |
C.It hasn’t been given enough attentions. |
D.More adults have realized its importance. |
A.Upgrade(提高) general levels of our abilities |
B.Face various challenges bravely. |
C.Copy what other regions have done. |
D.Be sensitive to the labour market. |
A.Change in the education system | B.Changes in the job market |
C.Changes in the population | D.Changed in society |
【推荐1】While DNA from animal bones or teeth can cast light on an individual species, environmental DNA enabled scientists to build a picture of a whole ecosystem.
A core of ice age sediment (沉积物) from northern Greenland has yielded the world’s oldest sequences of DNA. The 2 million-year-old DNA samples revealed the now largely lifeless polar region was once home to rich plant and animal life — including elephant-like mammals known as mastodons (乳齿象), reindeer, hares, lemmings, geese, birch trees and poplars, according to new research published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.
The finding is the work of scientists in Denmark who were able to detect and restore environmental DNA — genetic material drop into the environment by all living organisms — in tiny amounts of sediment taken from the Copenhagen Formation, in the mouth of a strait in the Arctic Ocean in Greenland’s northernmost point, during a 2006 expedition.
They then compared the DNA pieces with libraries of DNA collected from both extinct and living animals, plants and microorganisms. The genetic material revealed dozens of other plants and creatures that had not been previously detected at the site based on what’s known from fossils and pollen records.
“The first thing that blew our mind when we’re looking at this data is obviously this mastodon and the presence of it that far north, which is quite far north of what we knew as its natural range,” said study co-author Mikkel Pedersen.
The mix of temperate (温带) and Arctic trees and animals suggested a previously unknown type of ecosystem that has no modern equivalent — one that could act as a genetic road map for how different species might adapt to a warmer climate, the researchers found.
Love Dalen, a professor at the Centre for Palaeogenetics at Stockholm University, said the finding “pushed the envelope” for the field of ancient DNA. “Also, the findings that several temperate species (such as relatives of spruce and mastodon) lived at such high latitudes are exceptionally interesting,” he added.
Further study of environmental DNA from this time period could help scientists understand how various organisms might adapt to climate change. “It’s a climate that we expect to face on Earth due to global warming and it gives us some idea of how nature will respond to increasing temperatures,” he explained.
1. What can we know about environmental DNA from the passage?A.It makes it easier to understand individual species. |
B.It is a collection of DNA from all kinds of living things. |
C.It includes DNA of mammals living 2 million years ago. |
D.It was first discovered in sediment from northern Greenland. |
A.By looking at the data of mastodon. |
B.By detecting DNA samples at the site. |
C.By analyzing fossils and pollen records. |
D.By comparing the newly-found DNA with existing ones. |
A.broke the limit | B.laid a foundation |
C.raised a new question | D.attracted wide attention |
A.Northern Greenland faces species extinction |
B.Oldest DNA reveals a solution to global warming |
C.Northern Greenland faces increasing temperatures |
D.Oldest DNA reveals a 2 million-year-old ecosystem |
【推荐2】No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a new study suggests they used a little rock ‘n’ roll. Long-ago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled them across the sand, the scientists say.
“Technically, I think what they're proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said.
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And there's no obvious answer. On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板). Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand. .
Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.
However, physicist Joseph West, who led the new study, thinks there might have been a simpler way. West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought, ‘Why don't they just try rolling the things?’” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized. That, he noted, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”.
So he tried it. He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block. That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled. The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths. They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的) path.
West hasn't tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding. At least, workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.
1. It's widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by _________.A.rolling them on roads | B.pushing them over the sand |
C.sliding them on smooth paths | D.dragging them on some poles |
A.Made the paths wet. | B.Made the paths hard. |
C.Made the paths wide. | D.Made the paths slippery. |
A.Because more force is needed for sliding. |
B.Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle. |
C.Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous. |
D.Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling. |
A.An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site. |
B.An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site. |
C.An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site. |
D.An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site. |
【推荐3】A 3,000-year-old ceremonial gold mask has become an unexpected social media hit in China after its recent discovery in Sichuan province. The artefact was one of 500 Bronze-Age relics found at the Sanxingdui archaeological site. Experts say the discovery could provide new insights on the ancient Shu state, which ruled the area before 316 BC.
But the mysterious half-faced mask has also brought about a popular meme and memorable videos on social media. As soon as the latest group of discoveries was announced on Saturday, users of micro-blogging platform Weibo started making pictures combining the mask with the faces of pop culture figures. The comment “Sanxingdui gold mask photo editing competition” has been viewed nearly 4 million times, and has brought numerous posts as netizens praised the "stunning" and "beautiful" mask. Officials at the museum for Sanxingdui — one of the most important archaeological sites in China — soon joined in on the fun. "Good morning, we've just woken up, apparently everyone's been busy doing some Photoshopping?" the museum said in a recent Weibo post while sharing its own opinion about the meme. The museum also released a promotional animated music video starring the mask and other artefacts, while a rap song created by a TV host praising the ^intelligence95 of the ancient civilisation has spread widely.
It is not the first time a Chinese artefact has attracted the attention of social media users — in August, another relic was found to resemble the pig characters in popular video game Angry Birds. In addition to the gold mask, archaeologists at Sanxingdui have found bronze pieces, gold foils as well as artefacts made from ivory, jade and silk. The items were uncovered in six "sacrificial pits", said the National Cultural Heritage Administration, which the Shu civilisation used to offer sacrifices in prayers for prosperity and peace.
The Sanxingdui ruins were discovered by accident by a farmer in 1929. To date, more than 50,000 relics have been unearthed at the site, which is around 60km from the city of Chengdu.
1. What can we learn about the new discovery at Sanxingdui?A.It dates back to beyond 1000 BC. |
B.It was not a surprise to social media. |
C.It was the only Bronze-age relic there. |
D.It could promote research into the ancient Shu. |
A.photo editing competition | B.group of discoveries |
C.culture figures | D.numerous posts |
A.To celebrate the New Year. | B.To look back at the past. |
C.To wish for a better future. | D.To reunite the whole family. |
A.Numerous relics have been unearthed in Sanxingdui. |
B.The half-faced mask is the highlight among the discoveries. |
C.Constant advances have been made in the Sanxingdui ruins since 1929. |
D.The new discoveries in Sanxingdui have become a hot topic in social media. |