When you think of the icy Arctic Ocean, do you picture cold blue waters, on which float (漂浮) icebergs home to animals and fish not seen elsewhere on the planet? Think again, or rather add 300 billion pieces of plastic (塑料) to your picture. That's the amount of plastic that scientists believe is floating around the Arctic Ocean. Most of the plastic is in the area to the east of Greenland and north of Scandinavia.
Where did it come from? After all, the lands near the Arctic are not really full of people. It turns out that ocean currents are carrying plastic thrown into the ocean all the way to the Arctic. An ocean current is an unending movement of sea water from one point to another. It is caused by several things including heat from the Sun, wind and movement of the Earth.
Many of these plastic pieces seem to have travelled for years before reaching the Arctic. This was worked out by scientists studying the plastic problem after they observed the condition of the pieces. While much plastic floats on top of the water, a lot also may be on the sea floor.
Plastic has been widely used for 60 years on Earth and our careless throwing of plastic things is slowly turning the once perfectly clean Arctic into a dangerous place. Unlike food waste and plant waste, plastic doesn't break down so easily. In fact the United States Environment Protection Organization reports that “every bit of plastic ever made still exists”.
What's the effect? Seabirds, sea turtles and other ocean creatures could get hurt and die when they accidentally swallow plastic. Plastic waste affects fishing, affecting people who earn money through fishing. Plastics can let out dangerous poisons (毒物) into the water. These may be swallowed by fish, and when these fish are caught and eaten by people or bigger animals, they could get poisoned too!
1. What can we learn from the passage?A.The Arctic Ocean is heavily polluted. |
B.The plastic is mostly in the area in the east of Greenland. |
C.An ocean current is just caused by the movement of the earth. |
D.Much more plastic floats on top of the water. |
A.Humans throw away plastic things at will. |
B.Ocean currents carry plastic things everywhere. |
C.Plastic can let out harmful things into the water. |
D.Plastic is hard to break down. |
A.Break down. | B.Take in. |
C.Accept. | D.Touch. |
A.Are Men to Blame for Plastic Ocean? | B.Arctic Ocean and Its Future! |
C.Is Plastic Harmful? | D.Arctic Ocean or Plastic Ocean? |
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【推荐1】In April 2018, a group of Canadian scientists flying in a helicopter (直升飞机) discovered something they didn't expect to see — a huge, unknown cave with an opening the size of a football field.
The cave was discovered in the northern part of Wells Gray Provincial Park, in a wild, faraway area of Canada's Cariboo Mountains. The area is hard to get to and even harder to travel through. It is covered with snow for much of the year.
The group told Catherine Hickson, a scientist who studies rocks, about the cave. Dr. Hickson got a team of researchers together to study it. In September, they went for a closer look after most of the snow melted (融化). The cave is one of the largest in Canada. Not only is the opening to the cave larger than a football field, the cave is also deep. The team couldn't measure (测量) all the way to the bottom, but they think it may be more than 180 meters deep. The cave is tens of thousands of years old. But the rock in the cave is made of used to be at the bottom of an ocean (海洋). It is hundreds of millions of years old.
A small, but fast river of melting snow leads into the cave on one side, creating a waterfall near the top and a river at the bottom. The water comes out again a long way away. The exit (出口) is about 2.1 kilometers away and about l/2 kilometer lower down.
The cave will have to wait to get an official name. For now, the cave is being called "Sarlacc's Pit "because it looks similar to the home of the Sarlacc, a person in the Star Wars movie Return of the Jedi.
For Dr. Hickson, there's a lesson to be learned from the cave. "It shows you that you don't know everything, "she says." There are things yet to be discovered."
1. Why did the cave remain unknown in the past?A.It is in a wild mountain area. | B.It has been there for just a few years. |
C.Its opening is too small to be noticed. | D.The weather there is cold all year round. |
A.The history of the cave. | B.Some facts about the cave. |
C.The value of studying the cave. | D.The methods of studying the cave. |
A.The snow. | B.The river. | C.The ocean. | D.The rock. |
A.local culture | B.its discoverers | C.the way it looks | D.the name of a film star |
【推荐2】Northern California holds a special place in the hearts of all hikers who have experienced this special portion of the country. Read on to choose your best potential hike.
Lassen Peak Trail
Don’t let the distance fool you. The 5-mile round-trip Lassen Peak Trail in Lassen Volcanic National Park is hot and rocky, not suitable for people in poor health, especially with weak hearts. Hikers will gain a very great height as they reach the top of Lassen Peak. Though Mount Lassen last erupted in the 20th century, the volcano here is still technically active.
Yosemite Falls Trail
The hike along Yosemite Falls Trail offers amazing views of the falls and the surrounding valley. The falls are nothing short of breathtaking as they rise more than 2,000 feet above the valley floor, making it the highest falls in North America. Come here in the spring months to relax and see them.
Stout Memorial Grove (小树林) Trail
This trail is an absolute favorite among photographers thanks to its simple accessibility and the flat grove of well-lit precious redwoods. It also features bright green plants, fallen trunks and plenty of spots to relax among tall old trees. Although this hike is short, it usually doesn’t get too busy. Arrive early to secure a space as parking is limited.
Founders’ Grove Nature Trail
Located in Humboldt Redwoods State Park in Southern Humboldt County, the trail takes visitors to one of the most beloved valuable coastal redwood groves in California. The famed Avenue of Giants cuts through the grove at the center of an easy half-mile-long loop that’s well-marked and well-maintained, perfect for families and hiking beginners.
1. Which trail is the most physically demanding?A.Lassen Peak Trail. | B.Yosemite Falls Trail. |
C.Stout Memorial Grove Trail. | D.Founders’ Grove Nature Trail. |
A.To take photos of plants. | B.To see volcanoes. |
C.To enjoy the high waterfall. | D.To camp in the valley. |
A.Famed avenues. | B.Free parking lots. |
C.The rare tree species. | D.The half-mile-long hiking. |
【推荐3】On November 18, 2020, state workers who were tracking sheep were flying over the Utah desert in a helicopter. They noticed an object that is called monolith later, and landed nearby to see what it was. It was a shiny, three-sided metal column about 3.7 meters tall and planted solidly in the middle of the desert.
Bret Hutchings, who flew the helicopter, said, “I have to admit, that’s been about the strangest thing that I’ve come across out there in all the years of flying.” The shape of the monolith and its strange appearance in the desert has reminded people of a black monolith in the science fiction movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. In that movie, the monolith was also unexplained, but it appeared to have been created by creatures from another world.
Some people say that the monolith appears to be similar to artwork created by some well-known artists. But one of the possible artists died in 2011. Two others have said that the work is not theirs.
Still, people working for the government believe that the monolith was most likely put there as an art project. But they note that it was quite a difficult task. The monolith is in a hard-to-reach spot somewhere in the 93,000 square kilometers of Utah land managed by the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Delivering the column that seems valuable to that location in the traditional way would have required moving very heavy materials. They must have thought of other ways.
One metal statue in the desert may not cause too many problems for the sheep, but what if lots of people decide to visit the site? That’s one reason the DLM hasn’t released where it is. The BLM is also afraid that the monolith might encourage other artists to plant other similar artworks in the desert. That’s something that the department doesn’t want to happen. Anyway, the government still hasn’t decided whether to remove the monolith or let it remain.
1. Why did the author mention the science fiction movie?A.To explain the film was imaginary. |
B.To show the monolith is strange. |
C.To make the text more interesting. |
D.To prove what Bret said was true. |
A.Dangerous. | B.Costly. |
C.Smooth. | D.Unknown. |
A.Keep its location secret. | B.Get it removed at once. |
C.Preserve it as an artwork. | D.Make it a tourist attraction. |
A.Metal Column Planted in the Ground |
B.Unusual Monolith Found in the Desert |
C.Monolith Presenting Strange Appearance |
D.Man-made Column Drawing Attention |
【推荐1】Some scientists say that animals in the oceans are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings.
The noise that affects sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves.
Decibels (分贝) measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same effect.
Some scientists have proposed setting a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales.
A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that louder noises can seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected.
Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds object to a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research.
Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures?A.The man-made noises. | B.The noises made by themselves. |
C.The sound of earthquakes. | D.The sound of the ice-breaking. |
A.Different places with different types of noises. |
B.The very human ears sensitive to all types of noises. |
C.The same noise measured differently on land and in the ocean. |
D.The ocean animals' reaction to noises. |
A.They are deaf to noises. |
B.Noises at a certain level may hurt them. |
C.They are easily confused by noises. |
D.Noises will limit their ability to reproduce. |
A.They will try their best to decrease noise. |
B.They will work hard to cut down noise pollution. |
C.They will study the effect of different noises. |
D.They will protect animals from harmful noises. |
【推荐2】Most environmental pollution comes from humans and their inventions. The electric bulbs are thought to be one of the greatest human inventions of all time. However, too much of a good thing has started to negatively impact the environment. Light pollution, the extreme or inappropriate use of outdoor artificial light, is affecting human health and wildlife behavior. There is a global movement to reduce light pollution, and everyone can help.
Light pollution is a global issue. This became particularly obvious when the World Atlas (地图册)of Night Sky Brightness, a computer-generated map based on thousands of satellite photos, was published in 2016. Vast areas of North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia are glowing with light, while only Siberia, the Sahara, and the Amazon are in total darkness.
Artificial light can wreak havoc on natural body rhythms in both humans and animals. It interrupts sleep and confuses the circadian rhythm(生理节奏)一the internal, twenty-four-hour clock that guides day and night activities and affects physiological processes in nearly all living organisms. One of these processes is the production of the hormone melatonin(褪黑素), which is released when it is dark and is prevented when there is light. An increased amount of light at night lowers melatonin production, which results in lack of sleep, headaches, stress, anxiety, and other health problems. Blue light, in particular, has been shown to reduce levels of melatonin in humans. It is found in cell phones and other computer devices, as well as in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the kinds of bulbs that have become popular at home and in industrial and city lighting due to their low cost and energy efficiency.
Studies show that light pollution is also impacting animal behaviors, such as migration (迁徙)patterns and habitat formation. Because of light pollution, sea turtles guided by moonlight during migration get confused, lose their way, and often die. Large numbers of insects, a primary food source for birds and other animals, are drawn to artificial light and are instantly killed upon contact with light sources. Even animals living under the deep sea may be affected by underwater artificial lighting. One study looked at how animals in sea responded to brightly lit panels put under water off the coast of Wales. Fewer filter feeding animals(滤食性动物), such as the sea squirt(海鞘), made their homes near the lighted panels. This could mean that the artificial light is altering ocean ecosystems.
The good news is that light pollution, unlike many other forms of pollution, is reversible(可逆的)and each one of us can make a difference! Now, many people are taking action to reduce light pollution and bring back the natural night sky. Individuals are urged to use outdoor lighting only when and where it is needed, to make sure outdoor lights are properly shielded (遮挡)and direct light down instead of up into the sky, and to close window blinds, shades, and curtains at night to keep light inside.
1. What does the underlined phrase “wreak havoc on” in Para. 3 probably mean?A.Greatly improve. | B.Well maintain. |
C.Strictly manage. | D.Seriously damage. |
A.Light pollution was first studied as a global issue in 2016. |
B.Deep-sea environment can help animals avoid light pollution. |
C.Artificial light affects the sense of direction and habits of animals. |
D.LEDs can be used more because of low cost and energy efficiency. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Negative. |
C.Neutral. | D.Positive. |
A.To call on people to reduce light pollution. |
B.To discuss fors and againsts of artificial light. |
C.To give suggestions to protect environment. |
D.To show development prospect of artificial light. |
【推荐3】Breathing dirty air can cost someone’s lifespan (寿命) months—even years, a new study finds. Worldwide, air pollution lowers average lifespans by a year. Scientists shared their new findings in Environmental Science & Technology Letters.
Air pollution (污染) has been linked to many health problems. Most earlier studies have looked at how tiny air pollutants affected rates of illness or death. But now an environmental scientist, Joshua Apte, is going even further. He works at the University of Texas, Austin. He together with his team is looking at life expectancy, hoping to make the threat easier to understand.
PM 2.5 is what scientists call tiny particles of pollution in the air. Higher levels of PM2.5 can cause health problems and cut months, if not years, from the average lifespan. This analysis shows pollution affects life expectancy in different parts of the world.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms (微克) per cubic (立方) meter of air. Apte’s group used data to try to find how this low level would help people. But meeting the WHO standard won’t get rid of health damage from dirty air. That’s because even below 10 micrograms per cubic meter pollution still causes huge risks.
Reducing air pollution could increase life expectancy. The scientists also compared how other threats shorten life spans across the globe. These risk factors included smoking and cancer.
These results show that in poor countries, cleaning up dirty air could greatly increase lifespans. It could have as big an effect as cleaning up drinking water, or curing lung cancer. However, in wealthier countries air pollution shortens life expectancy by less than half a year. All forms of cancer, in fact, shorten the average life expectancy by more than 3.5 years. “Knowing this can really help people. or policymakers, decide where to spend their money.” says Kirk Smith.
1. Why is Joshua Apte’s team carrying out the study?A.Know how small air pollutants are. |
B.Study many different healthy problems. |
C.Let people understand air pollution better. |
D.Study the life expectancy of different people. |
A.Its air is very clean. |
B.It still has pollution risks. |
C.It will get a prize from WHO. |
D.Its people will live a healthy life. |
A.It’s very hard to clean up dirty air in a short time. |
B.Lung cancer is the leading killer in all kinds of cancers. |
C.Reducing air pollution can increase all people’s lifespans much. |
D.The study will help different countries or people take different policies. |
A.Air Pollution is Shortening Lives Worldwide |
B.Many Factors are Affecting People’s Health |
C.Governments are Trying to Make Lifespan Long |
D.The Effect of Cancer is Worse than Dirty Air |
In the late nineteenth century, the Swiss army issued (发给) its soldiers a gun that required a special screwdriver (螺丝刀) to take it apart and clean it. At the same time, canned food was becoming common in the army. Swiss generals decided to issue each soldier a standard knife to serve both as a screwdriver and a can opener.
It was a lifesaver for Swiss knife makers, who were struggling to ask for cheaper German imports. In 1884, Carl Elsener, head of the Swiss knife manufacturer (maker) Victorinox, seized that opportunity with both hands, and designed a soldier’s knife that the army loved .It was a simple knife with one big blade (刀片), a can opener, and a screwdriver.
A few years after the soldier’s knife was issued, the “Schweizer Offizer Messer,” or Swiss Officer’s Knife, came on the market, Interestingly, the Officer’s Knife was never given to those serving in the army. The Swiss army purchasers considered the new model with a corkscrew (瓶塞钻) for opening wine not “essential for survival,” so officers had to buy this new model by themselves. But its special multi-functional design later launched(发行)the knife as a global brand. After the Second World War, a great number of American soldiers were stationed in Europe. And as they could buy the Swiss army knife at shops on army bases, they bought huge quantities of them. However, it seems that “Schweizer Offizer Messer” was too difficult for them to say, so they just called it the Swiss army knife, and that is the name it is now known by all over the world.
1. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To emphasize the importance of the Swiss army knife. |
B.To introduce the functions of the Swiss army knife. |
C.To explain the origin of Swiss army knife. |
D.To tell a story about the designer of the Swiss army knife. |
A.Canned food was becoming popular in Swiss army. |
B.Every good Swiss citizen had a knife in his pocket. |
C.The Swiss army needed a knife for every soldier. |
D.Swiss knives were competing with imported knives. |
A.The new design was not considered necessary for officers to own. |
B.The army had no budge to the purchase. |
C.The knife was sold out to American soldiers. |
D.The design of the knife was too simple. |
A.Swiss generals | B.Carl Elsener |
C.German businessman | D.American soldiers. |
【推荐2】Alcohol has long been an important part of workplace culture. In almost all aspects of life, regular alcohol consumption has even been encouraged: from college and university all through to the workplace either to strengthen relationship or to uplift spirits. Hosting meetings at bars and restaurants with drinks flowing is even part of some companies' business strategy, through which potential business partners get drunk together to become friends, so they can trust each other not to harm the other person's professional interests.
Although some employees welcome alcohol into their work lives, the emphasis on drinking culture in the workplace doesn’t suit all. Research from 2019, conducted by researchers at the University of Stavanger in Norway, found that when employers or supervisors initiate drinking, employees feel it their obligation to participate. And among people in the UK, half of those surveyed by researchers at the University of Stirling in Scotland admitted to being pressured into drinking alcohol by colleagues and family. It also showed that generally, men felt forced into drinking more often than women, with men 20% more likely to be encouraged into drinking by their colleagues and 37% more by their bosses.
Yet, as central as drinking is to workplace socialisation and strategy, there are signs that some companies are re-thinking the role of alcohol in professional settings. After all, many workers don’t drink for personal reasons, and interactions involving alcohol at work can cause anxiety. The increasingly large population of Gen Zers (Z世代,网生代) are pushing for deeper and calmer conversations without alcohol.
According to a survey of 2,400 workers and 250 employees in the UK from Totaljobs, more than one in three workers see drinking with colleagues as outdated. Tactics (策略,方法) like non-alcoholic options and bonding activities that aren’t dependent on alcohol not only create a more inclusive environment for non-drinkers where they feel equally valued, and are welcome, but a space where staff who do drink feel comfortable - then everyone wins.
1. What’s Paragraph 1 mainly about?A.People’s love for alcohol. | B.People’s prejudice about alcohol |
C.The harm alcohol does. | D.The role alcohol plays at work. |
A.Responsibility. | B.Superiority. | C.Opportunity. | D.Capability |
A.They are mainly employers. |
B.They think alcohol stops clear thinking |
C.They regard alcohol as effective bonding. |
D.They may increase alcohol consumption |
A.Social activities depend on alcohol. |
B.Most workers regard alcohol outdated. |
C.There are alternatives to please everyone. |
D.The drinking staff should stay in one space. |
【推荐3】During the summer of 2021, Beverly Wax had an experience that filled her with awe. It was the sight of her son, Justin, dragging a 36-kilogram portable air conditioner upstairs. Beverly’s central air conditioning had stopped working in the middle of a 32℃ heat wave. She had mentioned to her son and he’d shown up as a surprise. As she watched him sweat and struggle while fixing it, she felt a wave of gratitude and appreciation.
Awe is that feeling we get when something is so vast that it stops us in our tracks. Often, it challenges or expands our thinking. Research shows that awe experiences decrease stress and increase overall satisfaction. It can also help our relationships, making us feel more sympathetic and less greedy, more supported by and more likely to help others.
Most of us associate awe with something rare and beautiful: nature, music or a spiritual experience. But people can bring about awe, and not just public heroes. Often, this interpersonal awe is a response to life’s big, sweeping changes. We can be awed by our nearest and dearest — the people sitting next to us on the sofa, or chatting on the phone. But it happens in smaller moments, too. John Bargh, a psychologist, said he was truly awestruck by his then-five-year-old daughter. When she heard another child crying, she grabbed her toy, walked over to the boy and handed it to him.
Unfortunately, we can’t make someone else behave in a way that’s awesome. But we can prepare ourselves to notice it when they do — and take steps to boost the emotion’s positive effects.
1. Why does the writer tell Beverly’s story?A.To show sympathy for her. | B.To cite an example of awe. |
C.To express appreciation to her son. | D.To start a discussion about awe. |
A.It stops our anxiety. | B.It simplifies our thinking. |
C.It satisfies regular needs. | D.It promotes positive emotions. |
A.Admiring scenery in a national park. |
B.Enjoying classic music in a concert hall. |
C.Receiving a call from a long-lost friend. |
D.Getting the signature of a famous athlete. |
A.Arise in time of trouble. |
B.Behave in an awesome way. |
C.Sense amazement in daily life. |
D.Increase chance of finding awe. |