Heaven is where the police are English, the cooks are French, the mechanics are German, the lovers are Italian and everything is organized by the Swiss. Hell is where the police are German, the cooks are English, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and everything is organized by the Italians."
Obviously the national stereotypes in this old joke are generalizations(普遍化), but such stereotypes are often said to "exist for a reason". Is there actually a sliver of truth in them? Not likely, an international research team now says.
"National and cultural stereotypes do play an important role in how people see themselves and others, and being aware that these are not dependable is a useful thing," said study author Robert McCrae of the National Institute on Aging. "These are in fact unfounded stereotypes. They don't come from looking around you," McCrae said.
If national stereotypes aren't rooted in real experiences, then where do they come from? One possibility is that they reflect national values, which may become known from historical events. For example, many historians have argued that the spirit of American individualism has its origins in the experiences of the pioneers on the Old West.
Social scientists such as psychologist Richard Robins have given several other possible explanations for stereotypes and why they may be incorrect. Robins notes that some stereotypes may have been correct at one point in history and then remained unchanged while the culture changed.
We may be "hard-wired", to some degree, to keep incorrect stereotypes, since we are less likely to notice and remember information that is different from our stereotypes. Generally, according to Robins, when we meet people who are different from our stereotypes, we see them as unique individuals rather than typical national or cultural groups.
1. The stereotype about Italians is________.A.strict but thoughtful | B.friendly and good-tempered |
C.dreamy and impractical | D.romantic but disorganized |
A.they are formed by individual historians |
B.what was true in the past may not be true at the present |
C.generalizations are made through personal experience |
D.people tend to have false idea about other cultures |
A.interesting | B.harmful | C.humorous | D.unreliable |
A.forgetful | B.changeable | C.fixed | D.helpless |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Robots will have taken over most jobs within 30 years leaving humanity facing its “biggest challenger ever” to find meaning in life when work is no longer necessary according to experts.
Professor Moshe Vardi, who works in Rice University, says that many middle-class professionals will be assisting the work of machines within the next few decades leaving workers more leisure(休闲)time than they have ever experienced and as a result, the rise of robots could lead to unemployment rate greater than 50 percent.
“We are approaching a time when machines will be able to do better than humans at almost any task,” said Vardi, “Robots are doing more and more jobs that people used to do. I believe that society needs to face question before it’s upon us. If machines can do almost any work humans can do, what will humans do? The question I want to put forward is, ‘Does the technology we are developing finally benefit mankind?’”
Prof. Vardi said existing robotic and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies were already getting rid of a growing number of middle-class jobs and that pace of advancement in the field is increasing.
But Prof. Vardi is not sure that a workforce of human like robots will be good for mankind. “A typical answer is that if machines will do all our work, we will be free to pursue leisure activities,” he said. “I do not find this a promising future, as I do not find the idea of leisure-only life appealing. I believe that work is essential to human well-being.” He added, “Humanity is about to face perhaps its greatest challenge ever, which is finding meaning in life. If machines can do all the work or even 50 percent of the jobs that we used to do, what will people do?”
1. According to the text, what is human’s “biggest challenge ever”?A.The most challenging jobs. |
B.Seeking the significance of life. |
C.The rise of unemployment rates. |
D.No necessary work for humanity. |
A.Whether robotic and AI technologies are good for humans. |
B.Whether robots can rule humans within 30 years. |
C.The unemployment rate is increasing greatly. |
D.The development of robots is rapid enough. |
A.Realistic and comfortable. |
B.Unpleasant and unattractive. |
C.Entertaining and pleasing. |
D.Disgusting and annoying. |
A.will be in short of labor force |
B.can have a surplus of products |
C.have to face fierce competition |
D.may lose the value of life |
【推荐2】Perhaps you’ve heard the old saying “curiosity killed the cat.” It’s a phrase that’s often used to warn people — especially children — not to ask too many questions.
In addition to this, there’s the fact that we all now connect so deeply with technology, particularly with our phones. The more we stare at our screens, the less we talk to other people directly.
The final — and perhaps most worrying — way in which technology stops us from asking more has to do with algorithms, the processes followed by computers. As we increasingly get our news via social media, the big data find out what we like and push more of the same back to us.
A.Yet it’s widely agreed that curiosity actually makes learning more effective. |
B.All too often we accept the images of people that social media provides us with. |
C.That means we end up inside our own little bubbles, no longer coming across new ideas. |
D.We are always encouraged to challenge our pre-existing beliefs |
E.In science, basic curiosity-driven research can have unexpected important benefits. |
F.However, curiosity is currently under the biggest threat, coming from technology. |
G.It is still not known why learning gives us such pleasure |
【推荐3】Former NBA great Tracy McGrady has called for the league to call off the regular season in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic(流行病).
On March 11, the NBA became the first major U.S. league to suspend its season after Utah Jazz center Rudy Gobert became the first player to test positive for the novel coronavirus. Since then, the COVID-19 outbreak has swept across the U.S.
NBA commissioner(委员) Adam Silver has indicated all options remain on the table, including playing games behind closed doors and isolating players to postponing the start of next season to allow the current campaign to be completed.
McGrady, who spent 16 seasons in the NBA, said: "As a former player, I would be in favor of calling the season off,for I don't have the facilities I need to stay in tip-top shape that I need to be in because everything is closed." Also, he added that even once training facilities re-opened and players could train as usual again, it was going to take them some time to get back to what he described as "basketball shape”.
The only feasible(可行的) solution to get players to be back to full fitness was to allow them to train and then ensure their fitness in a series of exhibition games.
"You just can't jump back into the regular season," McGrady added.
Last week, Silver admitted "there was no clear path ahead" for the NBA to return.
"Based on the reports that we got from varied outside officials, current public health officials ... we are not in a position to make any decisions," the NBA commissioner said in a conference, which followed a video conference meeting with the NBA's board of governors.
"And it's unclear when we will be…”
1. What does the underlined word “suspend” in the second paragraph mean?A.怀疑. | B.预测. | C.暂停. | D.花费. |
A.Play games indoors. |
B.Go on playing as usual. |
C.Exercise themselves on a regular basis. |
D.separate themselves physically from others. |
A.Tracy McGrady did not support calling the season off. |
B.The COVID-19 has not influenced most places of the U.S. |
C.The NBA commission will soon make a decision. |
D."basketball shape” is essential to NBA players. |
【推荐1】Friends are important to our lives.We talk to our friends about things which we can’t talk to our families about,and friends offer support when we need it and provide companionship.
It can be very easy to forget to communicate with your friends once you get married,have kids or have a job.Sometimes it’s hard enough to find time for your family and yourself,let alone your friends.
A friend is someone who was once a stranger,and after you made a special connection,you became friends with each other.How amazing it is!It doesn’t happen every day or with everyone you come across.So the fact that you were able to build a friendship with someone who was once a stranger to you is a great and wonderful thing.This is why it’s important to find time for your friends.
Finding time for friends can be as simple as calling them on the phone for a chat every now and then.This lets them know that they are in your thoughts and that they are important to you.Little gestures such as sending your friends some greeting cards,remembering their birthdays,and lending them a helping hand are also ways you can find time for your friends.
Whether you go to the movies,meet for dinner,go dancing,or have a party,spending time together is a great way to relax and reconnect you with each other.
Keep in mind that friends are a special and important part of our lives.So spend some time a day to include them in the balance of your life!
1. According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE if you have many friends?A.You can share your feelings with them. |
B.You can get married more easily. |
C.You can not find a job like before. |
D.You will have kids soon. |
A.calling them on the phone |
B.sending them greeting cards |
C.having dinner with their kids |
D.lending them a helping hand |
A.Go to movies. |
B.Meet for dinner. |
C.Go dancing. |
D.Remember their birthdays. |
【推荐2】Life’s journey can often be a lonely one without the comforting presence of companionship. While the significance of friendship is frequently praised, the true essence (本质) of being a genuine friend is often overlooked. A true friend is like family, and the bond you share is strong enough to stand the test of even long periods without talking. Then what contributes to true friendship?
Will Smith’s words, “If you’re absent during my struggle, don’t expect to be present during my success,” capture the essence of real friendship. We all face tough times, feeling depressed or even hopeless at times. A genuine friend stands by their companion through both the ups and downs of life. While it’s effortless to share joyous moments, friendship shines through during tough times. True friends do not abandon each other in times of trouble; instead, they face challenges together, providing mutual support even if it goes against their own interests.
True friends not only stand by you through thick and thin, but also offer constructive criticism when necessary. Oscar Wilde once said, “The truth is rarely pure and never simple,” highlighting how tough it can be to tell friends things they might not want to hear. While delivering criticism is never easy, a genuine friend is unafraid to point out mistakes or misguided paths. Giving constructive criticism, along with helpful advice, is a key part of true friendship. A true friend will speak up if they see you heading down a harmful path, even if it’s uncomfortable. The reluctance to speak up against a friend’s bad decision may lead to regret. As Wilde suggests, truth can be complex, but it’s important to express genuine concern. In a strong friendship, honest and caring advice weaves a web of trust and mutual growth.
In conclusion, the essence of true friendship lies in the willingness to sacrifice personal comfort for the benefit of a friend. Genuine friends are not fair-weather companions; they are present through highs and lows, and provide constructive criticism with care. To have even one true friend is a blessing that should be treasured. Let us strive to be true friends and, in turn, cherish the true friends we encounter on life’s journey.
1. In Paragraph 1, the author presents ______.A.the essential nature of true friendship |
B.the significance of family bonds over friendship |
C.the challenges of maintaining lasting relationships |
D.the contribution of personal qualities to true friendship |
A.It merely exists during moments of success. |
B.It relies on criticizing friends during tough times. |
C.It prioritizes personal interests over companionship. |
D.It involves mutual support during both highs and lows. |
A.adopting proper exaggerations | B.employing famous quotes |
C.sharing personal experiences | D.providing statistical evidence |
A.Friends who are always reliable and trustworthy. | B.Friends who offer constructive criticism with care. |
C.Friends who only support you during good times. | D.Friends who show little interest in your success. |
A.Better an honest enemy than a false friend. |
B.Friendship is the only ship that never sinks. |
C.Friendship is like money, easier made than kept. |
D.Friends catch you when you fall and push you forward. |
【推荐3】Children used to be able to play freely, exploring and interacting with the natural world with little or no supervision(监督) by adults. They were free to invent games of their own. Nowadays, however, we control the lives of our children much more, giving them fewer chances for free play. Many children in England used to spend hours playing on their bikes, having all sorts of adventures, but this is now considered too dangerous. Some working families can't care for their children after school, so the children have to stay indoors or attend supervised after-school activities.
The result is that some children have little time for play any more and when they do it's often spent in front of the television or computer. In the past, children in Brazil played a game which involves spinning (旋转) a large seed with a hole in it to create a scream-like noise. They rarely play this game nowadays.
Studies show that outdoor environments help all people by reducing stress and creating a general feeling of well-being. When children play in the open air, they are more likely to have positive feelings about each other.
Outdoor environments are also important for children's development of independence. When playing outside, children can gradually increase the distance from adults. Adults are then more willing to trust their children, an important element in confidence-building which improves the relationship between child and parent.
Outdoors, children have more chances to use all their senses. They have greater freedom not only to run and shout, but also to interact with the environment. Activities which may not be allowed indoors are perfectly acceptable outdoors; children are free to play messy games out in the open air that just wouldn't be permitted in the home.
Children experience the natural environment differently from adults. Adults typically see nature as background to what they are doing, while for children it is a hands-on experience. The expensive toys and indoor educational games cannot substitute for the experience of direct interaction with nature. They cannot replace the sensation where a child's attention is suddenly caught by the sunlight through leaves or the gentle noise of water flowing by.
1. The author mentions a Brazilian game to show that _______.A.it was common for children to invent games in the past |
B.TV and computer are more popular than outdoor games |
C.Brazilian children used to play outdoor games |
D.children seldom play outdoors nowadays |
A.They don't control the lives of their children anymore. |
B.They have more confidence in their children. |
C.They want their children to stay indoors. |
D.They experience less stress. |
A.take the place of | B.be based on |
C.be used as | D.get through |
A.introduce some outdoor games |
B.present a study on outdoor play |
C.encourage people to interact more with nature |
D.advise parents to let children play outdoors more |