Have you ever heard someone say, “you totally look like you’re a Jessica” or something similar? People seem to think that they know what kind of person a “Jessica” or a “Michael” looks like. Why is this?
According to a study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, humans tend to associate (联系) people’s names with their appearance, and can even guess someone’s name based on how they look.
Researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, collected thousands of photos of people’s faces. They labeled each photo with four names and then asked volunteers to guess which of the four names was correct.
The volunteers were able to guess the right name 38 percent of the time. It seems that certain features of faces give them clues about someone’s name, Reader’s Digest reported.
However, this only worked when the volunteers looked at names from their own culture. In addition, the volunteers were not as good at guessing the real names of people who used nicknames (绰号) more often than their real names. This may show that a person’s appearance is affected by their name only if they use it often.
This kind of face-name matching happens “because of a process of self-realization, as we become what other people expect us to become,” Ruth Mayo from the university told science news website Eurek Alert.
Earlier studies have shown that gender and race stereotypes can affect a person’s appearance. The researchers believe there are also similar stereotypes about names. For example, people tend to think that men named Bob should have rounder faces because the word itself looks round. People may think that women named Rose are beautiful. They expect them to be “lovely” and “feminine (女性的)”, just like the flower they are named for.
1. What’s the purpose of the study?A.To learn how names influence personality. |
B.To figure out whether names relate to their looks. |
C.To find out today’s most popular English names. |
D.To show how men’s names are different from women’s. |
A.Names have different associations in different cultures. |
B.A less used name has a greater effect on the appearance. |
C.Volunteers found it easier to guess nicknames correctly. |
D.Volunteers rarely got wrong answers at face-name matching. |
A.They want to please everyone around them. |
B.They don’t want to be different from others. |
C.They grow into what others expect them to be. |
D.They are influenced by people with the same name. |
A.Positive opinions. | B.Wrong beliefs. |
C.Unreal images. | D.Fixed ideas. |
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【推荐1】Many countries have passed safety laws that require seat belts in vehicles. A modern three-point seat belt, also called a safety belt, is a harness to prevent the driver or a passenger from flying forward and hitting hard against the interior of a vehicle during a collision. A modern seat belt will help to position you properly to gain maximum benefit from your car’s airbags that will inflate (使充气) during a collision. Using a seat belt also prevents you from being ejected (弹出) from a car into the path of oncoming traffic. Research shows that when you wear a modern seat belt, you reduce the risk of death or serious injury by 70% or more during an auto accident.
Seat belts have existed in different forms since the early days of automobiles, and they have changed from a single lap belt to the three-point seat belt we use today. In 1911 the first airplane seat belt was installed. Then, in the 1920s they were used in racecars. By the 1930s, a group of American physicians created lap belts for their own vehicles and urged vehicle manufacturers to provide seat belts on all vehicles.
Dr. C. Hunter Shelden made a major contribution to our safety with his article in the November 5, 1955 Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). He strongly encouraged the manufacture and use of door locks, airbags, and retractable (伸缩式的) seat belts, like the ones we use today. The modern three-point seat belt, including a lap belt and a shoulder belt, was introduced as standard equipment on Volvo cars in 1959.
In 1970, the state of Victoria in Australia made the wearing of a seat belt compulsory for every car driver and front-seat passenger. Today many countries have also mandated (授权) the use of five-point safety harnesses for carefully designed child safety seats that can protect a child during a serious car accident.
An airbag is a Supplemental Restraint System, or SRS, and consists of a rapidly inflatable restraint cushion that works together with a seat belt to protect you during a collision. Modern cars often contain several airbags in various locations. Since airbags can only inflate once and will quickly deflate after the initial impact, they will not provide any protection for you during a secondary collision.
The inflation of airbag can protect or hurt you. The risk zone for a driver’s airbag is the first 8 centimeters from its pre-inflation location. While driving, you should remain about 25 centimeters from the airbag in the center of the wheel. As a driver, wear your seat belt and make sure children correctly use their seat belts. Failure to wear a seat belt properly means the airbags in your car might injure or even kill you during an accident.
An essential part of your safe driving skills is the habit of making sure that you and each of your passengers are always properly positioned and wearing a seat belt. There are many wonderful benefits of being able to drive a car, but there are also severe consequences during an accident for anyone who chooses not to wear a seat belt.
1. We can learn from this article that ________.A.to reduce your risk of death or serious injury by 70%, you must wear a five-point seat belt while you are driving |
B.American physicians created lap belts for their own vehicles because they had seen many injuries caused by car accidents |
C.if two or more collisions occur during a serious car accident, your airbags can help reduce the risk of death by 70% |
D.the U.S. was the first country to require by law that car drivers and front-seat passengers wear their seat belts |
A.good humor | B.admiration |
C.seriousness | D.disapproval |
A.Seat belts were first used in airplanes and then applied to vehicles. |
B.Airbags, door locks, and seat belts were all designed at the same time. |
C.The lap belt is more modern than the 3-point safety belt. |
D.Buying the latest seat belts is an essential driving skill. |
【推荐2】A few years ago I had an “aha!” moment regarding handwriting.
I had in my hand a sheet of paper with handwritten instructions on it for some sort of editorial task. It occurred at first that I did not recognize the handwriting, and then I realized whose it must be. I finally became aware of the fact that I had been working with this colleague for at least a year, maybe two, and yet I did not recognize her handwriting at that point.
It was a very important event in the computerization of life—a sign that the informal, friendly communication of people working together in an office had changed from notes in pen to instant messages and emails. There was a time when our workdays were filled with little letters, and we recognized one another’s handwriting the way we knew voices or faces.
As a child visiting my father’s office, I was pleased to recognize, in little notes on the desks of his staff, the same handwriting I would see at home in the notes he would leave on the fridge—except that those notes were signed “dad” instead of “RFW”.
All this has been on my mind because of the talk about The Rise and Fall of Handwriting, a book by Florey. Sire shows in her book a deep concern about the fall of handwriting and the failure of schools to teach children to write well, but many others argue that people in a digital age can’t be expected to learn to hold a pen.
I don’t buy it.
I don’t want to see anyone cut off from the expressive, personal associations that a pen still promotes better than a digital keyboard does. For many a biographer, part of really getting to know their subjects is learning to read their handwriting.
What some people advocate is teaching one of the many attractive handwritings based on the handwriting of 16th-century Italy. That may sound impossibly grand—as if they want kids to learn to draw by copying classical paintings. However,they have worked in many school systems.
1. Why was the author surprised at not recognizing his colleague’s handwriting?A.He had worked with his colleague long enough. |
B.His colleague’s handwriting was SO beautiful. |
C.His colleague’s handwriting was SO terrible. |
D.He still had a lot of Work to do. |
A.talk more about handwriting |
B.take more notes on workdays |
C.know better one another's handwriting |
D.communicate better with one another |
A.to both his family and his staff |
B.to his family in small letters |
C.to his family on the fridge |
D.to his staff on the desk |
A.are harder to teach in schools |
B.attract more attention |
C.are used only between friends |
D.carry more message |
A.thinks it impossible to teach handwriting |
B.does not want to lose handwriting |
C.puts the blame on the computer |
D.does not agree with Florey |
【推荐3】As I’m writing this on an unusually warm Sunday afternoon in the shade of our plum tree, I’m wearing old jeans and an old cotton shirt. They feel familiar and comfortable. I love them dearly. Yet before I go out for a walk, you can be sure that I’ll change into something more graceful. I don’t want the neighbors to see me in these Sunday casual (休闲的) clothes.
It’s not news to anyone that we judge (评判) others based on their clothes. In general, studies find that people prefer clothing that matches expectations—surgeons in scrubs (手术衣) and little boys in blue. The old advice of dressing for the job you want, not the job you have, may have its roots in more than simply how others think of you—many studies show that the proper clothes you wear can positively affect you mentally and physically.
Such findings about so-called “enclothed cognition” (穿衣认知) are mostly from small studies in the lab that have not yet been investigated or verified in the real world. However, a growing body of research suggests that there is something biological happening when we put on a smart and stylish outfit and feel like a new person.
If you want to be a person with big ideas at work, dress properly. A paper in Social Psychological and Personality Science asked subjects to change into formal or casual clothing before cognitive tests. Wearing formal business clothes increased abstract (抽象的) thinking—an important part of creativity and long-term planning. The experiments suggest the effect is related to feelings of power.
For a better focus, get dressed like a doctor. In research published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, subjects made half as many mistakes in an attention-demanding task when wearing a white lab coat. In another attention task, those who were told their lab coat was a doctor’s coat performed better than either those who were told it was a painter’s coat or those who only saw a doctor’s coat on show.
1. What can we learn about the author?A.She likes changing clothes constantly. |
B.She enjoys working out with neighbors. |
C.She prefers comfortable clothes at home. |
D.She’d like to look casual in public places. |
A.It’s beneficial to dress properly. |
B.It’s important to dress in new clothes. |
C.It’s impossible to meet others’ expectations. |
D.It’s unnecessary to relate others to their clothing. |
A.Shared. |
B.Measured. |
C.Disagreed. |
D.Identified. |
A.Dress for success |
B.Put on white coats |
C.Clothes and fashion |
D.Clothes and personality |
【推荐1】The idea that computers have some amount of “intelligence” is not new, says Ralph Haupter, the president of Microsoft Asia, pointing as far back as 1950 when computer pioneer Alan Turing asked whether machines can think. “So it has taken nearly 70 years for the right combination of factors to come together to move AI from concept to reality,” says Haupter.
It is predicted that the development of artificial intelligence will be the story of the coming generations, not just the coming year, but as 2019 gets underway, you’ll find AI will begin to touch your life in many ways according to some researchers.
“Personal assistant AIs will keep getting smarter. As our personal assistants learn more about our daily routines, I can imagine the day I need not to worry about preparing dinner. My AI knows what I like to eat, which days of the week I like to cook at home, and makes sure that when I get back from work all my groceries are waiting at my doorstep, ready for me to prepare that delicious meal I had been longing for.” ---Alecjandro Troccoli, senior research scientist, NVIDIA.
“Thanks to AI, the face will be the new credit card, the new driver’s license and the new barcode (条形码). Facial recognition is already completely transforming security with biometric capabilities being adopted, and seeing how technology and business are connected, like Amazon is with Whole Foods, I can see a near future where people will no longer need to stand in line at the store.” ---Georges Nahon, president, Orange Institute, a global research laboratory.
“2019 will be the year AI becomes real for medicine. By the end of the year we’re seeing solutions for population health, hospital operations and a broad set of clinical specialties quickly follow behind.” ---Mark Michalski, executive director, Massachusetts General Hospital.
1. What can we know about AI from the first two paragraphs?A.People didn't expect AI to develop so rapidly. |
B.The idea of AI just came up recently. |
C.The concept of AI was put forward by Ralph Haupter. |
D.It took more than 70 years to turn the concept into reality. |
A.Alan Turing. | B.Georges Nahon. | C.Mark Michalski. | D.Alejandro Troccoli. |
A.Executive director of a hospital. | B.President of a research laboratory. |
C.Chairman of an energy corporation. | D.Chief operating officer of a newspaper. |
A.By explaining cause and effect. | B.By presenting research results. |
C.By listing some predictions. | D.By describing personal experiences. |
【推荐2】For some people, higher education is not just a goal in life, but also an expectation. In the United States, if your parents attended a college or university, there is a good chance that you will, too. Even if your parents did not go to college, you still have a good chance of completing higher education if your family is wealthy.
But your chances are reduced if you come from a needy family, a community with limited educational resources or you simply have no one to follow as an example.
Helping those in need is one of the main ideas behind a strategy of behavioral science called nudge theory or nudging. Nudging is a way of changing people’s behavior through indirect suggestions and by supporting positive actions.
A growing number of U.S. colleges and universities look to nudging as a way to support poor, minority and first-generation students. They are also using it to increase overall graduation rates. Two common forms of nudging are emails to students and text messages to their mobile phones. Schools and other educational organizations keep in contact with students this way, offering advice and help when needed.
However, Alejandra Acosta—a higher education policy expert at New America—notes that there are several qualities a nudge campaign must possess in order to be successfu1.
Acosta says messages must be timely, meaning they reach college students well before the date by which a student is required to take action. Additionally, nudges should be written clearly and provide as much information as possible. If students start to struggle in class, school officials should not just message them, saying they should seek academic support. The message should give information about what kinds of support the college or university offers and exactly how the student can make use of them. That is why nudges should possess interactive qualities, Acosta says. For example, students should be able to ask questions of school officials or be directed to a website for more information. In addition, colleges and universities must ensure their support services are in place and working as best as they can.
When nudges work, they can do a lot of good. In 2018, a nonprofit group launched a nudging campaign at four U.S. community colleges. They worked with nearly 10,000 first-year students at three such colleges in Ohio and one in Virginia. A recent study found that older and minority students who agreed to receive these nudges were 16 to 20 percent more likely to continue into their second year than those who did not.
1. Who is most likely to receive and complete higher education according to the passage?A.Jimmy, whose mother is a worker in a small factory. |
B.Tony, whose father is the only breadwinner in the family. |
C.Cathy, whose parents didn’t attend college but operated a profitable company. |
D.Betty, whose grandmother is a housemaid of a famous university professor. |
A.It offers concrete and direct advice. |
B.It is a way to improve people’s mind. |
C.It is anchored in psychological science. |
D.It works by virtue of electronic devices. |
A.timely, practical and interactive |
B.timely, interactive and sustainable |
C.immediate, consistent and authentic |
D.immediate, communicative and permanent |
A.The problem with higher education. |
B.The popularity of nudging campaign. |
C.A way for colleges to support students. |
D.A national campaign dealing with poverty. |
【推荐3】Natural disasters have hit Asia hard in recent years, taking hundreds of thousands of lives. But while these tragedies (灾难) have destroyed homes and lives, they have also created heroes.
The hero: Muelmar Magallanes
The story: As the heavy rain was destroying homes and villagers in Manila, the 18-year-old worker jumped into action. Muelmar swam through the floods (洪水) and pulled 30 of his neighbors to safety. After pushing a mother and baby to shore on a small boat, the tired hero was lost in the water, and his body was discovered the next day. "He gave his life for my baby, "said Menchie Penalosa, the child's mother "I will never forget him.
The hero: Tilly Smith
The story: You never know when those lessons learned in geography class will be put to good use. For Smith, just 10 years old at the time, being able to recognize the warning signs of a tsunami, saved about 100 lives at a holiday center in Thailand. The English schoolgirl was walking on a beach in Phuket when she noticed the water was coming in, but it wasn't going out again. A tsunami, she realized, was just minutes away. Her father told everyone to leave the beach. That beach was one of the few in Phuket where no one was killed or seriously injured.
The heroes: Aisah, Neneh, Azmi, Nuraida and Sulastri
The story: For these five women from the village of Lampasch, the tsunami took everything. That day, Aisah lost her 17-day-old granddaughter, Neneh lost seven of her nine children, Azmi lost her parents, Nuraida lost three of her sisters and brothers, and Sulastri lost her husband, daughter and youngest son. All lost their homes. Everything was gone except for their strong belief. Soon after the tsunami, the five women went back to clean up the village. These women lost nearly everything, except their determination to rebuild their lives.
1. What happened to Muelmar?A.He lost his family in a flood. |
B.He was found dead on a boat. |
C.He took part in a swimming race. |
D.He saved others at the cost of his own life. |
A.was having a geography class. |
B.got seriously injured. |
C.was at the seaside. |
D.lost her father. |
A.clever | B.honest |
C.strong-minded | D.kind-hearted |
A.Meet the heroes created by disasters |
B.Create a better world together |
C.The worst disasters in Asia |
D.Brave acts of the good |
【推荐1】A new study in which researchers explore the human capacity for cooperation finds that people rely on each other for help.
The study shows that when people signal a need for assistance, their small requests don’t go unanswered. Across cultures, people follow these small requests far more often than they decline them. On the rare occasions when people do decline, they explain why. These human tendencies suggest that, deep down, people from all cultures have many similar cooperative behaviors.
The new findings help solve a puzzle generated by prior research which has emphasized variation in rules and standards governing cooperation. For example, in Kenya, wealthier Orma villagers are expected to pay for public goods such as road projects. Wealthy Gnau villagers of Papua New Guinea, on the other hand, would reject such an offer because it creates an awkward moral duty to return for their poorer neighbors.
“Cultural differences like this have created a puzzle for understanding cooperation and helping among humans,” said Rossi, a chief researcher. “Are our decisions about sharing and helping shaped by the culture we grew up with? Or are humans generous and giving by nature?”
To answer those questions, the researchers analyzed over 40 hours’ video recordings of everyday life involving 350 people in geographically and culturally diverse sites. The analysis focused on the order in which one person sent a signal for help and another person responded. The situations involved “low-cost” decisions about sharing items for everyday use. Such decisions are more frequent than “high-cost” decisions like contributing to a village road’s construction, the types of decisions considered to be significantly influenced by culture.
People followed small requests seven times more often than they declined. They helped without explanation, but when they declined, 74% of the time they gave a specific reason.
“A cross-cultural preference for following small requests is not predicted by prior research on resource-sharing and cooperation, which instead suggests that culture should cause helping behavior to vary in appreciable ways due to local values and adaptations to the natural, technological, and socio-economic environment,” said Rossi. “These factors could in principle make it easier for people to say ‘no’ to small requests, but this is not what we find.”
1. What is included in “These human tendencies” underlined in paragraph 2?A.To ask for assistance. | B.To aid others on request. |
C.To return the previous favor. | D.To turn down an offer of help. |
A.To indieate humans are born generous. | B.To evaluate varied interpersonal bonds. |
C.To show cultural differences on helping. | D.To reveal the origin of non-cooperation. |
A.It’s my pleasure. |
B.I’d love to, but it depends. |
C.I’m afraid not. Wait till others come. |
D.Sorry, but I’m to attend an urgent meeting. |
A.It involved no environmental factors. |
B.It stressed the value of following requests. |
C.It failed to prove the universal willingness to help. |
D.It produced an outcome consistent with the new study. |
【推荐2】Do you think the United Kingdom and the United States are alike? Winston Churchill once joked that the people of Britain and the people of America are separated only by their language. Do you think that is true? The British and the Americans both speak English as the official language. However, each uses some different words. We Americans are similar to the British. After all, our country was once owned by the UK, so we have a lot in common. But there are many differences between us.
The UK has a king or queen, and the leader of the government is the Prime Minister. The US has no kings or queens. Our leader is the President.
Both the British and Americans use pounds and ounces, pints, quarts, and gallons. Both use miles, yards, and feet. Our money is different, though. The British use pounds and pence. Americans use dollars and cents.
Driving in a car is very different in the UK. They drive on the left side of the road. We drive on the right. What we call the hood of the car, the British call the “bonnet”. British cars run on “petrol” , which we call gasoline.
In our everyday life, we do many of the same things as the British. But we describe them differently. A young mother here might push a baby in a baby carriage. A British mum pushes a “pram”. The British watch “telly”, while we watch TV. We like to eat French fries, but the British call them “chips”. Millions of Americans drink coffee, but most British prefer tea.
So we are different in many ways. But we stay friendly anyway.
1. What can we know from Winston Churchill's joke?A.The UK and the US are very similar. |
B.The people of the UK and the US are the same. |
C.The languages of the UK and the US are the same. |
D.There are many differences between the UK and the US. |
A.miles and dollars | B.pints and pence |
C.gallons and feet | D.yards and cents |
A.TV. | B.Pram. | C.Hood. | D.French fries. |
A.We Stay Friendly | B.A Common Language? |
C.English as the Official Language | D.Differences Between the UK and the US |
【推荐3】Culture shock occurs when people have been suddenly thrown into a new culture. Newcomers may be anxious because they don’t speak the language. Neither do they know the customs or understand the people’s behavior in daily life.
Quite often the visitor find that “yes” may not always mean “yes”, that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigners may be unsure as when to shake hands, when to start conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The idea of culture shock helps explain feeling of puzzlement and confusion.
Language problems do not lead to all the setbacks that people feel. When one has lost everything that was once familiar, such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register(注册,登记) for university classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society may arise.
When an individual enters a strange culture, he or she feels like a fish out of water. Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to the culture and feel deserted by the native members of the culture. When this happens, visitors may want to refuse everything about the new environment and may glorify and sing their own praises of the positive aspects of their own culture. On the other side, more visitors may sneeze at their native country by rejecting its value and instead choosing to approve of the value of the new country. This may occur as an attempt to accept the new culture in order to be taken in by the people in it.
1. What do people feel when they are suddenly in a new culture?A.Excited. | B.Delighted. | C.Upset. | D.Hopeless. |
A.it’s impossible to get used to a new culture |
B.people feel confused due to culture shock |
C.foreigners often don’t mean what they say |
D.most foreigners are usually quite humorous |
A.people away from their cultures can hardly survive in a new culture |
B.a fish can not survive without water |
C.people away from their culture experience mental loneliness. |
D.people away from their culture have many difficulties in new environment |
A.the language | B.the transportation | C.the environment | D.the puzzlement |