On a September afternoon in 1940, four teenage boys made their way through the woods on a hill overlooking Montignac in southwestern France. They had come to explore a dark, deep hole said to be an underground passage to the nearby manor(庄园)of Lascaux. Squeezing through the entrance one by one, they soon saw wonderfully lifelike paintings of running horses, swimming deer, wounded wild oxen, and other beings—works of art that may be up to 20,000 years old.
The collection of paintings in Lascaux is among some 150 prehistoric sites dating from the Paleolithic period(旧石器时代)that have been documented in France's Vezere Valley. This corner of southwestern Europe seems to have been a hot spot for figurative art. The biggest discovery since Lascaux occurred in December 1994, when three cave explorers laid eyes on artworks that had not been seen since a rockslide 22,000 years ago closed off a large deep cave in southern France. Here, by unsteadily shining firelight, prehistoric artists drew outlines of cave lions, herds of rhinos(犀牛)and magnificent wild oxen, horses, cave bears. In all, the artists drew 442 animals over perhaps thousands of years, using nearly 400,000 square feet of cave surface as their canvas(画布). The site, now known as Chauvet-Pont-1'Arc Cave, is sometimes considered the Sistine Chapel of prehistory.
For decades scholars had theorized that art had advanced in slow stages from ancient scratchings to lively, naturalistic interpretation. Surely the delicate shading and elegant lines of Chauvet's masterworks placed them at the top of that progression. Then carbon dates came in, and prehistorians felt shocked. At some 36,000 years old—nearly twice as old as those in Lascaux—Chauvet's images represented not the peak of prehistoric art but its earliest known beginnings.
The search for the world's oldest cave paintings continues. On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, for example, scientists found a large room of paintings of part-human, part-animal beings that are estimated to be 44,000 years old, older than any figurative art seen in Europe.
Scholars don't know if art was invented many times over or if it was a skill developed early in our evolution. What we do know is that artistic expression runs deep in our ancestry.
1. According to the passage, where did the boys find the paintings?A.In the woods on a hill | B.In a deep cave in France. |
C.In a manor of Lascaux. | D.On an Indonesian island |
A.conveys concepts by using accurate numbers and forms |
B.makes stories in contrast to scientific subjects |
C.represents persons or things in a realistic way |
D.expresses ideas or feelings by using shapes and patterns |
A.the Chauvet's paintings had been sealed by a rockslide until 1994 |
B.the style of Chauvet's paintings is similar to that of the Sistine Chapel |
C.Chauvet's images are the earliest figurative paintings that have been found |
D.the main objects of Chauvet's images are part-human, part-animal beings |
A.Value of Paleolithic Artwork | B.Preservation of Figurative Art |
C.Artistic Expressions of Nature | D.Searches for Cave Paintings |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】
Street art started very secretly because it was illegal to paint on public and private property without permission.
Street artists do their work for different reasons.
A.Some of them do not like artists who make so much money in galleries and museums. |
B.In today’s world, the Internet has a big influence on street art. |
C.People often have different opinions about street art. |
D.Street art used to be illegal, but now has become popular. |
E.Street art, a very popular form of art spreads quickly all over the world. |
F.With the development of science and technology, different art styles come into the Internet. |
G.The street art movement lives with the energy and life of a big city. |
【推荐2】Every year, millions of people head to London's Trafalgar Square to see Nelson's Column,and the four Iion statues that “guard” it. And last month, during the London Design Festival, a bright red lion sculpture was added to the collection.
But this was more than just a statue: It had a large open mouth, with an LED screen inside it.At the same time, passersby could type in random words on a screen close to the lion, which were used to produce an AI-created poem. The most interesting part of the poems lies in their randomness, as the words that people choose to enter include many things, such as the time, the weather and their mood. Ín the daytime, the finished poem appeared on the LED screen, but at night, it was projected (投射) onto the lion's body and the famous Nelson’s Column, in a 1ovely light display.
Es Devlin, the sculpture's creator, was inspired by the history behind the four historic lion statues. Edwin Landseer, the designer of the lions, wanted them to look much more animạted, but Queen Vietoria refused his plan. This made Devlin wonder, "What if we could give a lion a poetic voice?". According to Devlin, althọugh England has seen many poems about national identity in recent years, these works have been lacking imagination. "I wanted to make a piece that was poetic and collective" he told BBC News.
Afier standing for almost 180 years, the purpose of Trafalgar Square has changed over the years. But thanks to the high-tech lion and its poetry, the square is standing the test of time.
1. Why was the red lion more than just a statue?A.It had an LED screen inside it. | B.It had a larger mouth than the others. |
C.It could produce an AI-created poem. | D.Poems were projected onto the lion's body- |
A.Lacking styles. | B.Not having regular patterns. |
C.Being special. | D.Attraction to readers. |
A.They are creative. | B.They are not popular. |
C.They are not imaginative. | D.They are poetic and collective. |
A.Es Devlin's New Creation. | B.The London Design Festival. |
C.A Big Event in Trafalgar Square. | D.The red lion in Trafalgar Square. |
【推荐3】Artists everywhere are getting “understandably nervous” about recent advances in artificial intelligence. Last month, a winner of an art prize at the Colorado State Fair “sparked a violent protest” when he posted the news and explained that he’d created his image using an AI program. Critics quickly accused 39-year-old Lance Allen of cheating. To be fair, Allen had won in the digital art category and made no secret of how the image had been produced. But the rules of art making are clearly changing.
Allen’s creative process, to be clear, “was not a push-button operation, ”said Jason Blain in Forbes. He claims to have spent 80 hours on his entry, first on fine-tuning his text prompts (提示), then by touching up the final image using Photoshop and similar tools, then arranging to print the image on canvas. He made the finished product using AI much as a photographer creates an image using a camera.
But Allen, a tabletop game developer, is awed by AI’s capabilities and urges artists and illustrators to welcome the technology rather than fight it. “Art is dead,” he says. “AI won. Humans lost.” A more inspiring lesson to take from his victory, though, is that image generators are likely to “expand the appreciation for and creation of art” by opening the field to people, like him, who could never draw anything as detailed as his award-winning image. “If anything, we will have more artists,” and as the technology progresses, “we might see the emergence of art styles that none have seen before.”
You can’t blame traditional artists if they’re unhappy. Image generators work their magic, after all, by analyzing the aesthetics (美学) of millions of pre-existing images. One of the most complicated image generators “makes crystal clear just how destructive this technology will be,” said Loz Eliot in New Atlas. Given a specific prompt, it can produce an image of just about anything you can imagine and even follow the style of a favorite artist’s work. Its arrival marks “an incredible popularization of visual creativity” while aiming “a knife to the heart of anyone who’s spent decades improving their artistic techniques hoping to make a living from them.”
1. Why are artists getting nervous about AI recently?A.A winner of an art prize used AI. | B.Lance Allen cheated in the art competition. |
C.The digital art will soon dominate. | D.There will be great changes in art creation. |
A.It was no easy work for Allen even with Al. | B.Allen worked as a photographer creating an image. |
C.AI played a key role in Allen’s art creation. | D.Although with AI, Allen’s creation counted a lot. |
A.Human has been beaten by AI. | B.AI will make art more popular. |
C.Greater artists and new art styles will appear. | D.AI enables amateurs to win art competitions. |
A.It works by analyzing images created by human. |
B.It can produce images beyond people’s imagination. |
C.It makes artists’ long-time effort meaningless. |
D.It makes it impossible for artists to make a living. |
【推荐1】Being an early bird, or the opposite night owl (夜猫子), is usually not something that is thought of as being highly under our control. Some people seem to sleep early while others get a second wind and tend to sleep late. This internal clock is a person’s unique internal timekeeper and the body’s own master controller of many functions. Most obvious is our sleep patterns; however, it also plays a role in our eating patterns, hormone levels, and maybe even our mood.
A recent study looked at whether the body clock is related to levels of physical activity. Using a watch-like device that measures movement, over 5,000 participants’ activity levels were collected for two weeks. After considering some factors that may explain differences, such as education or background health conditions, they found that night owls, as compared to morning types, had up to 60 to 90 fewer minutes per day of activity.
For those with a more of an “eveningness” type, jobs or other demands on time may mean that a morning alarm is sounding well before their natural wake time. As a result, a night owl type may be starting the day relatively “jet lagged” (有时差感的) —feeling out of step with their body due to being awake when the body would prefer to be asleep.
We should emphasize that this study does not tell us that being a night owl is the cause of lower physical activity. It only shows a connection between being an early bird or night owl and certain conditions. In this study, we only considered two factors —sleep patterns and activity. Using your eat-sleep cycle to your advantage as much as possible to be active is probably the best advice. Are you someone who feels ready and clear first thing in the morning? That may be the best time to get those steps in. More energy in the evening? Then scheduling that walk for after dinner may be best.
1. What do we know about the internal clock?A.It motivates people to sleep early. | B.It keeps a person careful about time. |
C.It affects multiple functions of the body. | D.It masters the patterns of mood and eating. |
A.An early bird received higher education. | B.A night owl had lower physical movement. |
C.An early bird had more reasonable activity levels. | D.A night owl had better background health conditions. |
A.Uneasy. | B.Natural. | C.Energetic. | D.Embarrassed. |
A.Do exercise after dinner. | B.Adjust our sleep patterns. |
C.Make a schedule in advance. | D.Make the most of our body clock. |
【推荐2】At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.
This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer—on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out".
Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact an out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (热力学) (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself—it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could,at one time, repair ourselves—well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.
1. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.Our first twelve years represent the peak of human development. |
B.People usually are unhappy when reminded of ageing. |
C.Normally only a few of us can live to the eighties and nineties. |
D.People are usually less likely to die at twelve years old. |
A.remaining alive until 65. |
B.remaining alive after 80. |
C.dying before 65 or after 80. |
D.dying between 65 and 80. |
A.Normally people are quite familiar with the ageing process. |
B.All animals and other organisms undergo the ageing process. |
C.The law of thermodynamics functions in the ageing process. |
D.Human's ageing process is different from that of mechanisms. |
【推荐3】How many different emotions do you think you can communicate to people with your face? Do you have the same facial expressions as the people from different cultures? Read this passage to find out what scientists have just discovered about this topic.
New research suggests that there are only four basic facial expressions of emotion. However, how these expressions are interpreted (解释) might depend on where you are from. Research by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of Glasgow has challenged the traditional view of how the face expresses emotions. It was widely believed that six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust) were expressed and recognized across different cultures. However, the University of Glasgow’s work now suggests that the human face only has four basic expressions of emotion. This is because some pairs of emotions are impossible to distinguish(辨别). Fear and surprise, for example, both share wide open eyes. The facial expressions for anger and disgust also look the same.
So if our faces are only able to express four basic emotions, how do we communicate a much more complex kind of feeling? The study found that the way expressions are interpreted is different in different cultures. However, while looking at how people from the East and West look at different parts of the face during facial expression recognition, scientists found that although there are some common features across cultures, the six basic facial expressions of emotion are not recognized universally.
What interests people about the cross-cultural aspect of the research? This work leads to understanding which emotions we share and appreciating our differences.
1. What did the University of Glasgow find?A.Six basic emotions greatly influence our character. |
B.Six basic emotions can be recognized. |
C.It is easy to tell from the basic facial expressions. |
D.Some of the six facial expressions are similar. |
A.Sadness, fear, anger and surprise. | B.Anger, sadness, fear and happiness. |
C.Happiness, surprise, sadness and fear. | D.Disgust, happiness, anger and sadness. |
A.Basic facial expressions are not universal. |
B.Facial expressions can’t show complex feelings. |
C.Western people have more kinds of facial expressions. |
D.The way to express emotions changes with time. |
A.What Does Your Face Say? | B.How Do We Communicate? |
C.What Are the Six Basic Emotions? | D.Do We Have the Same Expressions? |