To fight against the ballooning waistlines among people, several U. S. cities have instituted taxes on drinks with added sugar aiming to reduce consumption, but new research suggests these policies currently have one fundamental flaw.
The study found sugary drink only reduce purchasing if price tags at stores mention consumers are paying that tax when they buy the drink.
The research included a field study at two convenience stores in San Francisco, which currently has a tax on sugary drinks of 1 cent per ounce. Researchers varied the price tags placed on the sugary drinks over the eight-week study: one tag that simply said the price for the 12-ounce drink ($1.52) and one that had the price and the message “Includes SF Sugary Drink Tax”. All non-sugary drinks, which weren’t subject to the tax, simply had the price of the drink ($1.40).
The researchers compared sales of the drinks during the study period to the two weeks before the study began when the sugary drink tax was in effect but there were no price tags on any drinks. Results showed sales of sugary drinks weren't lower during the two weeks, compared to sales before the tax, indicating the tax itself didn't reduce purchases of sugary drinks.
The researchers then looked at the effects of the two different price tags. Results showed the share of sugary drinks purchased when the tags simply showed the price wasn’t significantly different from the two-week period before the study, but did decline slightly when the tags mentioned the price included the added tax.
In a separate online study, the researchers asked participants to estimate what the tax would be on a can of their favorite drink that cost $1.52. The average estimate was 40 cents — much higher than the 12 cents actually demanded in San Francisco. When told the tax was only 12 cents, they reported they’d still purchase the drink.
The findings suggest price tags should mention the tax but not the amount, for consumers tend to overestimate how much the tax is. “If cities want these policies to be effective, they need to regulate how sugary drinks are labeled at stores and they currently don’t do that,” said Donnelly, lead author of the study.
1. What does the underlined word “flaw” mean in the first paragraph?A.Weakness. | B.Solution. | C.Imbalance. | D.Evidence. |
A.Price tags bearing sugar content. | B.Price tags with the exact tax on them. |
C.Price tags saying added tax included. | D.Price tags just showing the total price. |
A.Stores label sugary drinks at will. | B.Cancel sugary drink taxes at once. |
C.Publicize the impacts of sugary drinks. | D.Cities urge stores to use proper price tags. |
A.A New Way to Prevent Fatness. | B.Eating Habits and Food Consumption. |
C.Sugary Drink Taxes Aren’t Working Well. | D.Non-sugary Drinkers Benefit from New Policies. |
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【推荐1】As Tangram Mall (133-33 39th Ave, Btn. Prince St. and College Point Blvd.) — the two story retail component of an enormous new office and residential compound in Downtown Flushing — continues to be built out, its first-floor food hall has already become the main draw. There are a handful of restaurants built throughout the rest of the mall.
Juqi: HOMEMADE ROAST DUCK
It’s enough that you can get Peking duck in a mall. It’s even more impressive that this is one of the crispiest, juiciest versions I’ve had. Order the whole duck, mostly as an excuse to try the caviar-topped (淋满鱼子酱的) duck-skin canapés you’ll get while the chef carves the rest of the bird tableside.
Soft Swerve: HOJICHA ICE CREAM
Its caramel color would suggest coffee, but the maltiness of the roasted tea is a perfect foil for creamy sweetness — and it’s even better to put a chocolate in it.
Na Tart: EGG TARTS
The ideal way to end your visit is a stop at Na Tart for a six-pack of Portuguese egg tarts taken to go. Employees are pulling trays from the oven nonstop, which is good because these pastries are best consumed warm.
CrunCheese: SQUID-INK MOZZA AND HOT DOG
At this first New York branch of a popular Korean chain, get a half-beef, half-mozzarella corn dog dunked in squid-ink stained batter and rolled in cubes of potato confetti. It’s possible to add a final dusting of sugar or cheese, but with everything else going on, I say stick to ketchup.
1. In the restaurant Juqi, why do custemers usually order a whole duck?A.It will be cheaper to order a whole duck. |
B.It will enable you to enjoy duck-skin canapés. |
C.It will be the most crispiest and juiciest to enjoy. |
D.It will make the chef carve the the rest of the bird for you. |
A.EGG TART. | B.HOJICHA ICE CREAM. |
C.HOMEMADE ROAST DUCK. | D.SQUID-INK MOZZA AND HOT DOG. |
A.They mainly offer some Asian food. |
B.You can enjoy meat food in the four restaurants. |
C.They offer some special delicious food or drink. |
D.The food in the restaurants tastes better while it is warm. |
【推荐2】Microgreen Farming
Microgreens have been used in cooking since the 1980s.
As with most vegetables, it all starts with seeds. But instead of allowing the plant to grow to its full potential, microgreens are created when the plant is harvested shortly after it starts to grow. The result is a strong flavor and an ingredient that packs a variety of nutrients and health benefits in a tiny, delicious package. The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry states that microgreens have increased levels of vitamins E, C and K.
One of the most significant benefits of using microgreens in dishes is that they provide an intense experience that will improve the overall flavor of any dish. Many chefs use them to add depth of flavor and to create complex flavor. Another benefit of microgreens is the convenience factor — they are incredibly easy to cook with!
Traditional plants require an extended amount of time and large amounts of land.
A.Microgreens, on the other hand, are easy! |
B.They were initially used as a form of decoration. |
C.There is no prep and cutting work as with most vegetables. |
D.They have as much as 40 times more nutrients than a mature plant. |
E.One popular form of microgreens is a mix of purple and green radish. |
F.Some beginners like to start with a familiar plant, such as radish, cabbage, or peas. |
G.Mature traditional vegetables are generally harvested 2 to 4 months after they are planted. |
【推荐3】The long reach of the corona virus continues to show up in the strangest ways. The iconic (偶像的,标志性的)fast-food giant KFC, announced it's abandoning the famous advertising slogan, "It's Finger Lickin' Good," because the phrase is inappropriate to use during the COVID-19 outbreak.
KFC announced its plans to temporarily stop using the slogan which it's been using for 64 years in a low-key and funny statement titled, "AND THE WINNER OF THE AWARD FOR THE MOST INAPPROPRIATE SLOGAN FOR 2020 GOES TO KFC."
“The home of the world's favorite fried chicken admits that the slogan is a bit 'off' for now," the news notes, before making clear that the use of "It's Finger Lickin' Good" slogan will immediately be paused in advertising around the globe starting on August 24. "This year has been like no other, and, right now, our slogan doesn't feel quite right. "
This is not the first time that KFC has struggled with the use of their famous ad campaign during the coronavirus. In early March, KFC pulled a television spot running in the UK that featured actors licking their fingers. You may recall that the earliest days of the pandemic filled with nonstop reminders not to touch your face for fear of spreading the virus. Of course, there's the potential danger of spreading virus that comes with licking your fingers before (or after) touching any public surface, such as doorknobs and the tableware at your local fast food cafe.
“While we are pausing the use of it's Finger Lickin' Good, we assure that the food loved by so many people around the world isn't changing one bit,” KFC's global chief marketing officer, Catherine Tan-Gillespie, said.
For those concerned with the potential permanence of this famous fast-food phrase.
KFC'S statement ended on a more cheerful note. "And for all those fans, don't worry the slogan will be back. Just when the time is right."
1. What do we know about KFC's long-lived ad slogan from the first two paragraphs?A.It is not suitable for this year. | B.It has been replaced by a new one. |
C.It won an award for the best slogan. | D.It is too out-of-date to use. |
A.It reminded people not to lick their fingers. |
B.It displayed its famous slogan in an ad. |
C.It required actors to lick their fingers in the ad. |
D.It stopped its long-lived ad slogan in an ad. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Confident. | C.Disappointed. | D.Concerned. |
A.It is struggling for survival in 2020. |
B.It has lost popularity among its fans. |
C.It may use the slogan again sometime in the future. |
D.It has caused potential danger of spreading virus. |
【推荐1】How would you like an easy way to earn $2,500? All you have to do is to sit around and wait for your meals. There’s a catch, however. You have to stay in a chicken cage with a stranger for a whole week. There are no books or television or radio for a whole week. There are no books or television or radio for amusement. You can’t leave until the week is up. And a camera will be recording your every move.
Two people actually took the job. The idea came from Rob Thompson, a video artist. He wanted to make film about the way animals are treated. His goal was to raise people’s awareness of the living conditions of animals that are raised for food. He decided to pay $ 5,000 out of his own savings to two people who were willing to live like chickens for a week.
To Rob’s surprise, quite a few people answered his advertisement. He had interviews and selected Eric, a 24-yearold restaurant worker, and Pam, a 27-year-old chemist. The plan was for them to spend seven days together in a chicken cage that was six feet long and three feet wide. A camera would record their experience, which would take place in an art museum.
The week was long and difficult. They slept on hard wooden floor. They couldn’t stand up without banging their heads. They ate mash (a kind of food for animals) and drink water from a garden pipe. Their only privacy was a toilet surrounded by a curtain, which was the most unbearable. There were no sinks, mirrors or toothbrushes in the cage.Visitors we came here who were warned, “Do not feed the humans.”
Finally, it was over, and Pam and Eric came out of the cage. They had survived the week and they each had a $ 2,500 check in their hands. When Rob Thompson opened the cage, Eric came out, changed into clean clothes, and ate a chocolate bar right away. “It’s great for me to be able to stand up.” he said. Pam just changed her clothes and left. After a week of visitors and reporters watching her, she didn’t want to talk to anyone.
1. What’s Rob Thompson’s intention of offering the job?A.Making a film about humans and animals. |
B.Conducting an experiment about humans and animals. |
C.Making some animals' terrible living conditions seen. |
D.Showing how terribly a human being is treated in a cage. |
A.That they had not much privacy. |
B.That they ate the food for animals. |
C.That they couldn’t stand up in the cage. |
D.That they didn’t have enough daily necessities. |
A.Getting Along Well with Animals |
B.Do Not Treat Animals Badly |
C.An Easy Way to Earn $2,500 |
D.Living in the Cage like a Chicken |
A.In a business journal. | B.In a newspaper. |
C.In a research report. | D.In a brochure. |
【推荐2】A big fair ended in Beijing. The China International Fair for Trade in Services (CIFTIS,中国国际服务贸易交易会) took place from Sept. 4 to 9, 2020. It is a major service trade event. Visitors saw how new technologies are used in different areas. One highlight (亮点) this year was service robots. Let’s look at three of them.
Garbage sorting (垃圾分类) is new to many people. Swiss company ABB has designed (设计) a robot to help us do it. It uses two arms to pick garbage that comes down a conveyor belt (传送带). It then throws the garbage into the right bin. A screen can show how many pieces of garbage it has sorted.
Unitree, a company in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, has made a robot dog. With an AI-powered smart camera, it can record everything it sees in real time. It can move up to 3.3 meters per second. It can also carry objects weighing up to 5 kg, about as heavy as 10 bottles of water. The robot dog can give people a hand in many ways. For example, it can move goods or search for people who go missing during disasters.
Can you hit back a ball that is served by a robot? Find out by playing against a ping-pong serving robot made by Chinese company Siasun. The robot can serve balls one by one automatically (自动地). It can change the speed, angle, and landing area of the balls as well. It can record your performance with a camera so you can review it later. It will help ping-pong players train and improve.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Garbage sorting. | B.The robot. | C.The belt. | D.The bin. |
①The robot dog a. It can pick garbage from a conveyor belt and throw it into the right bin.
②The ping-pong serving robot b. It can run fast and carry heavy things.
③The garbage-sorting robot c. It can record players’ performance and help to train players.
A.①—c②—b③—a | B.①—b②—c③—a |
C.①—b②—a③—c | D.①—c②—a③—b |
A.How smart the service robots are. |
B.How fast the new technologies are improved. |
C.How hard the scientists work on the new technologies. |
D.How wide the new technologies are used. |
【推荐3】Chinese scientists have discovered a possible “death switch” mechanism in plants’ immunity system that causes infected cells to self-destruct, thus limiting the spread of the disease and keeping other parts of the plant healthy.
Scientists said the discovery provides clues to cell death control and immunity for plants, and they hope further research can lead to a new generation of disease-resistant crops that use significantly less pesticide and are more environmentally friendly.
The research was done by scientists from Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Genetics and Development Biology. Their findings were published in the journal Science on Friday.
About 20 years ago, scientists discovered that plants, like animals, have strong immune systems that can protect them from pathogens(病原体) including viruses, bacteria and parasites(寄生虫). Plants also have a unique “trick and catch” immune response to deal with pathogens that have weakened their cellular(connected with cell) defense, but exactly how this worked remained unknown, said Zhou Jianmin, a researcher at the institute and one of the main scientists behind the study.
To solve this mystery, Zhou and his team investigated a protein called AvrAC, which is produced by a bacterial pathogen that causes black rot on cabbage. The bacterium injects AvrAC into plant cells, where it acts as a “biochemical weapon” weakening the plant's immune system.
They discovered that some plants have evolved to carry a resistance protein called ZAR1 that can detect bacterial proteins like AvrAC. “These plants use special proteins as “bait” and trick the bacterial protein into attacking them instead. While the bait is being attacked, ZAR1 is activated to form a multiprotein structure called resistosome,” Zhou said.
“The resistosome inserts itself into the cell's tissue and causes it to destroy itself along with the invading pathogens, thus protecting other healthy cells”, he said.
In addition to discovering this defense mechanism, Zhou and his associates from Tsinghua University created structural models of the resistosome from their research. This allows other scientists to examine its composition and functions more closely.
“The ‘death switch’ is usually harmless to the plant because it only affects diseased cells, which are a tiny portion of the entire plant,” Zhou said. “The discovery is a huge step toward the dream of designing new resistant genes. And once we know how the system works, we can harness(利用) it for the benefit of agriculture.”
1. How does death switch work?A.By stopping the spread of diseases. |
B.By destroying infected cells. |
C.By producing more environmentally friendly healthy crops. |
D.By switching mechanism in plants’ immunity system. |
A.Doing less damage to the environment. | B.Bearing solid immune system. |
C.Having the ability to fight against pathogens. | D.Acting as a “biochemical weapon”. |
A.AvrAC. | B.Resistosome. |
C.ZAR1. | D.Bacterial proteins. |
A.“Death Switch” function in plants’ immunity system. |
B.The best way to reduce the use of pesticide. |
C.the plant's immune system will be weakened. |
D.Discovery may yield stronger crops. |