After analyzing 14.5 billion words used in daily news coverage in 2021, The Oxford English Dictionary has chosen “vax” as the Word of the Year.
Oxford Languages, the publisher of the dictionary, reported that “Vax”, the shortened term for “vaccine”, has injected itself into the bloodstream of the English language, and is a catchy and punchy word for 2021.
A contributing factor to its rise in 2021— aside from its obvious relation to the COVID vaccine drive— is its adaptability, according to Fiona McPherson, a senior editor of The Oxford English Dictionary. It can mean either vaccine or vaccination as a noun and vaccinate as a verb, and it is the root of many other phrases such as “vax cards”, “vax passports”, and “getting vaxxied”. The word has also been changed into other inventive words like vaxxie, a selfie taken during or immediately before or after one’s vaccination. “It has made the most striking impact,” said Fiona MePherson.
Vax and vaxx are both accepted spellings, but the form with one x is more common. It was first recorded in English in 1799, while its derivatives (衍生词) “vaccinate” and “vaccination” both first appeared in 1800. All of these words ultimately came from the Latin word “vacca”, which means “cow”. According to The Oxford English Dictionary, this is due to English physician and scientist Edward Jenner’s pioneering work on vaccination against smallpox in the late 1790s and early 1800s.
“The word’s highest frequency in usage caught our attention first. Then we ran the analysis and a story started to emerge, revealing how ‘vax’ sat at the centre of our preoccupations this year,” Casper Grathwohl, the president of Oxford Languages, said in an interview. “No word better captures the atmosphere of the year than ‘vax’”
1. Which of the following best describes the word vax?A.Fixed. | B.Complex. | C.Adaptable. | D.Boring. |
A.Edward Jenner’s pioneering work. | B.The Latin word vacca. |
C.The Latin word cow. | D.The Oxford English Dictionary. |
A.It is from The Oxford English Dictionary. |
B.It is accepted by Oxford Languages. |
C.It appears most frequently in news. |
D.It is reporters’ favorite word. |
A.Choosing vax as the Word of 2021. |
B.Making vax changeable. |
C.Researching the origin of vax. |
D.Analyzing vax in The Oxford English Dictionary. |
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【推荐1】French writer Frantz Fanon once said, “To speak a language is to take on a world, a culture.” Since the world changes every day, so does our language.
More than 300 new words and phrases have recently made it into the online Oxford Dictionary, and in one way or another they are all reflections of today’s changing world.
After a year that was politically unstable, it’s not hard to understand the fact that people’s political views are one of the main drives of our expanding vocabulary. One example is “clicktivism”, a compound of “click” and “activism”. It refers to “armchair activists”—people who support a political or social cause, but only show their support from behind a computer or smartphone. And “otherize” is a verb for “other” that means to alienate(使疏远) people who are different from ourselves—whether that be different skin color, religious belief or sexuality.
Lifestyle is also changing our language. For example, “fitspiration” —a compound of fit and inspiration—refers to a person or thing that encourages one to exercise and stay fit and healthy.
The phrase “climate refugee”—someone who is forced to leave their home due to climate change—reflects people’s concern for the environment.
According to Stevenson, social media was the main source for the new expressions. “People feel much freer to coin their own words these days,” he said.
But still, not all newly-invented words get the chance to make their way into a mainstream dictionary. If you want to create your own hit words, Angus Stevenson, Oxford Dictionaries head of content development, suggests that you should not only make sure that they are expressive and meaningful, but also have an attractive sound so that people will enjoy saying them out loud.
1. What’s the purpose of the quotation(引用)from French writer Frantz Fanon?A.To lead to the topic of the whole passage. |
B.To present one of the major views of the society. |
C.To show the importance of language. |
D.To introduce Frantz Fanon. |
A.dislike | B.create | C.borrow | D.use |
A.be easy to remember |
B.have unique sound or spelling |
C.appeal to youngsters |
D.be meaningful, expressive and have an attractive sound |
【推荐2】Eleven of the world’s languages have at least 100 million native speakers. The biggest are Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish, Arabic and Hindi. Next come Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Japanese, French and German. Experts say these eleven languages are the mother tongues of half the world’s population. But the world has close to 7,000 languages. Linguists (语言学家) predict that as many as half of these may be at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. That would mean another language dies every two weeks.
Members of the Siletz Indian tribe (部落) in the northwestern state of Oregon take pride in their language. Their language, they say, “is as old as time itself”. But today very few people can speak it fluently. In fact, you can count the number of fluent speakers on one hand.
More than 10,000 entries can be found in the Siletz Online Talking Dictionary. Professor Harrison has posted talking dictionaries for seven other highly endangered languages from around the world. He says technology can not only spread the influence of major languages but also help save endangered ones. Smartphone applications, YouTube videos and Facebook pages have all become digital tools for language activists and experts.
Mr. Harrison and a researcher in Oregon have mapped areas of endangered languages. One is the Pacific Northwest in the United States. Others include the upper Amazon basin, Siberia and northern Australia.
In Canada’s far north, the Inuit people are struggling to preserve their native language, Inuktitut. Part of the effort involves Microsoft. The company is translating terms in its Windows operating system and Office software into Inuktitut. The programming group had to invent new words to include all the terms in some Windows and Word document menus.
Nowadays so many people will spend their entire day sitting in front of a computer. If you’re sitting in front of your computer in English all day, that just reinforces (强化) English. If you’re now using Inuktitut, it is reinforcing that this is your language. Microsoft has also worked with language activists in New Zealand, Spain and Wales to translate its software into Maori, Basque, Catalan and Welsh.
Nothing takes the place of speakers speaking to other speakers and to people who are learning. But this bridges a gap (空缺) that was just needed in some communities and in some tribes. Young members of the tribe are now texting each other in Siletz.
1. People of the Siletz Indian tribe are proud of their language because .A.it’s easily mastered | B.it’s widely spoken nowadays |
C.it has a long history | D.it deserves scientific research |
A.changes the way young people learn a language |
B.makes learning a language a fashionable thing |
C.makes it possible to master a language quickly |
D.helps the endangered languages known to more people |
A.make their language spoken worldwide | B.learn other languages conveniently |
C.help to spread the new technology | D.strengthen the use of their native language |
A.it’s hopeful to save the endangered language |
B.young people like to accept and use the new technology |
C.means of communication in the tribe has changed a lot |
D.young people try their best to save their language |
A.There are more than 7,000 languages in the world. |
B.English has the most native speakers in the world |
C.The Inuit people ‘s native language, Inuktitut, are disappearing. |
D.It is wrong for people to reinforce English |
【推荐3】We all know what a brain is. A doctor will tell you that the brain is the organ of the body in the head. It controls our body’s functions, movements, emotions and thoughts. But a brain can mean so much more.
A brain can also simply be a smart person. If a person is called brainy, he is smart and intelligent. If a family has many children but one of them is super smart, you could say, “He’s the brains in the family.” And if you are the brains behind something, you are responsible for developing or organizing something. For example, Bill Gates is the brains behind Microsoft.
Brain trust is a group of experts who give advice. Word experts say the phrase “brain trust” became popular when Franklin D. Roosevelt first ran for president in 1932. Several professors gave him advice on social and political issues(问题)facing the U.S. These professors were called his “brain trust”.
These ways we use the word “brain” all make sense. But other ways we use the word are not so easy to understand. For example, to understand the next brain expression, you first need to know the word “drain”. As a verb, to drain means to remove something by letting it flew away. So a brain drain may sound like a disease where the brain flows out the ears. But, brain drain is when a country’s most educated people leave their countries to live in another. The brains are, sort of, draining out of the country.
However, if people are responsible for a great idea, you could say they brainstormed it. Here, brainstorm is not an act of weather. It is a process of thinking creatively about a complex topic. For example, business leaders may use brainstorming to create new products, and government leaders may brainstorm to solve problems.
If people are brainwashed, it does not mean their brains are nice and clean. To brainwash means to make some accept new beliefs by using repeated pressure in a forceful or tricky way. Keep in mind that brainwash is never used in a positive way.
1. According to the text, if you’re the CEO of Bai Du you can be called .A.the organ of Bai Du | B.the brains behind Bai Du |
C.the brain drain of Bai Du | D.Bai Du’s brain trust |
A.he was the brains behind America | B.he got the help of word experts |
C.he was smart at giving advice | D.he got his brain trust |
A.brainy and brainwash are never used in a negative way |
B.brainstorming is not a good choice for a political leader for lack of creativity |
C.a country suffers a “brain drain” when educated people move to other countries |
D.to drain a lake means to fill it with a lot of water |
A.using examples | B.making comparisons |
C.making comments | D.analyzing origins |
【推荐1】Defeating Daniil Medvedev in New York on Sunday, Djokovic, one of the greatest tennis player, bagging 24 Grand Slam (大满贯) singles titles, equalized the record held by Australian Margaret Court, the same number of singles titles in the all-time count.
With the victory, Djokovic became the oldest US Open men’s singles champion in the Open Era. In total, he has 10 Australian Opens, seven Wimbledons, four US Opens and three Roland Garros titles, making him the only man to win all four majors at least three times. “When I realized that, I started to dream new dreams and set new goals. I never imagined that I would be here talking about 24 Slams,” he said afterwards.
Djokovic reached all finals in the Grand Slams in 2023, and the only loss was at Wimbledon, when Carlos Alcaraz of Spain, 20, brought home the champion after an intense battle lasting four hours and 43 minutes.
Djokovic, at 36, shows few signs of losing physical edge. He stays healthy, keeps exceptional skills and always desires to win more. Capturing his first Grand Slam in 2008, Djokovic bagged half of his 24 major titles after he turned 30.“One of the biggest lessons I have learned probably mentally throughout my career is that even if you find a formula (方案) that works, it’s not a guarantee, and actually most likely it’s not going to work the next year, so I keep reinventing myself and always trying to find better ways to win,” said Djokovic.
For Djokovic, who always gets tough when the going gets tough, 24 is just a number that he can go beyond. “I’ll continue to prioritize Grand Slams as my most important tournaments and where I want to play the best tennis. That will stay the same in the next season, or I don’t know how many more seasons I have in my legs,” he added, “So, let’s see.”
1. What does the underlined word “equalized” in the first paragraph probably mean?A.Set. | B.Broke. | C.Levelled. | D.Approached. |
A.He won 12 Grand Slams in his thirties. |
B.He won all the finals in the Grand Slams in 2023. |
C.He attached the same importance to all the matches. |
D.He is the oldest men’s singles champion in the open era. |
A.Losing physical edge. | B.Attending more Grand Slams. |
C.Following a good formula. | D.Finding flexible and proper strategies. |
A.Confident and emotional. | B.Ambitious and devoted. |
C.Aggressive and stubborn. | D.Enthusiastic and generous. |
【推荐2】“What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has brought about weary groans over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance (服 从) and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.
Violators face the prospect of fines and worse. They could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain bank loans or even buy train tickets.
Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tons of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift through the waste, plucking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China churns out 80 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks a year.
Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous (有害的), the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. Most annoying are the short windows for dumping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.
1. Which definition fits the underlined word “Violators” in Paragraph 2 most?A.People who don’t sort the waste. |
B.People who don’t inquire about the nature of rubbish. |
C.People who don’t follow the regulations. |
D.People who don’t throw the trash on time. |
A.Short scheduled time for throwing away the trash. |
B.Complicated distinctions among the four categories of trash. |
C.Being observed by monitors when tossing the garbage. |
D.Being fined for improper behaviors. |
A.Doubtful | B.Neutral. | C.Indifferent. | D.Sympathetic. |
A.A Restart of Trash-sorting |
B.What Kind of Rubbish Are You |
C.A New Time of Garbage Classification |
D.A Recycling System Is Needed in Shanghai |
【推荐3】On June 15, the 100-day countdown to the Hangzhou Asian Games, the medal of the 19th Asian Games was released. The medal of the 19th Asian Games is named Shan Shui, which is another core element of the Asian Games, along with the official emblem (徽章) Tides Surging, mascots Congcong, Chenchen, Lianlian, color system Meeting the World and torch Eternal Flame. It is an important addition to the overall aesthetic (审美) of the event.
Shan Shui is characterized by the ceremonial jade (玉) Cong in the Liangzhu Culture(5,300BC-4,300BC). This square jade, integrated with a round medal, is truly unique and highly recognizable.
Shan Shui presents the geographical features of Hangzhou. By using prominent lines, the picture scroll of Hangzhou is outlined on the front side of the medal with misty hills on three sides and the city on one side, a rippling lake, and wavelike mountains beyond. The back side is shaped like a square seal, which means the athletes leave a beautiful mark on the Hangzhou Asian Games,
Shan Shui expresses the character of Hangzhou as the capital of ecological civilization, with natural landscape, clear water and green hills, creating invaluable assets, casting gold and silver medals.
Shan Shui shows the sportsmanship of climbing the heights. Reaching the top, one will become even higher. On the way to the summit, athletes strive hard, challenge themselves, and overcome one peak after another.
The medal will be made by painting, milling, trimming and polishing, gold and silver plating effect treatment, and protection treatment. The medal ribbon (绶带) will be hand-sewn on both sides using weave technology and environmentally friendly printing techniques. The bridge shaped buckle at the top of the ribbon highlights the Jiangnan characteristics of the water town and the bridge town. The linking method adopts the raw ear structure of the spring buckle shaft (弹簧扣轴) to fix the ribbon inside the medal.
1. Why is the medal of the Hangzhou Asian Games named Shan Shui?A.It is a core element of the 19th Asian Games. |
B.It represents the overall aesthetic of the event. |
C.It is characterized by the ceremonial jade Cong. |
D.It shows the city’s geographical and ecological features. |
A.Strive hard in unity | B.Live in harmony with nature |
C.Leave a beautiful impression | D.Bravely challenge the new heights |
A.The processing techniques | B.The weave technology |
C.The printing techniques | D.The linking method |
A.Countdown:the19thHangzhouAsianGames |
B.Shan Shui: the medal of the 19th Asian Games |
C.Liangzhu Culture: the unique and recognizable culture |
D.Medal: the most core clement of the 19th Asian Games |