There is more of a connection between food and culture than you may think. On an individual level, we grow up eating the food of our culture. It becomes a part of who we are. Many associate food from our childhood with warm feelings and good memories and it ties us to our families, holding a special and personal value for us. Food from our families often becomes the comfort food we seek as adults in times of frustration and stress.
On a large scale, traditional food is an important part of culture. It also operates as an expression of cultural identity. Immigrants bring it wherever they go, and it is a symbol of pride in their culture and means of coping with homesickness.
Many immigrants open their own restaurants and serve traditional dishes. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some materials needed to make traditional dishes may not be readily available, so the taste and flavour can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants do not only sell dishes to people from the same countries as them, but to people from different countries. Therefore, they have to make small changes in the original dishes to cater to a wider range of customers. Those changes can create new flavours that still keep the cultural significance of the dishes.
We should not only embrace our heritage (传统) through our culture’s food, but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their food. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window on culture, and it should be treated as such.
1. What’s the function of food mentioned in the text?| A．To help motivate homesickness. |
| B．To show cultural identity. |
| C．To reflect a country’s history. |
| D．To show a community’s superiority. |
| A．The specific traditional food. |
| B．The national culture. |
| C．A traditional expression of food. |
| D．The old-fashioned taste. |
| A．To attach cultural importance to their dishes. |
| B．To announce the beginning of their life on foreign soil. |
| C．To make the dishes popular among customers. |
| D．To present their own food culture in a new way. |
| A．Negative. |
| B．Balanced. |
| C．Unfair. |
| D．Unchangeable. |
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【推荐1】Pizza is a pretty universal treat, but where did it start? Here are three things you probably didn’t know about pizza.
1: Pizza’s Origins Are Half-Baked.
The Neapolitans（那不勒斯人）in Italy are proud of saying they invented pizza, but it’s probably more accurate to say, they perfected it. The idea of putting toppings on a flatbread and baking it started in the 6th century B. C. But the people of Naples were the first to put tomato on a flatbread in the 16th century. From its start, pizza was a food of the poor, as it was cheap, filling and easy to eat on the run. In Italian, the word “pizza” refers to anything that is made and then pressed flat.
2: Pizza Margherita Is Not Exactly a Symbol of Italy.
It was said some day in 1889, a local baker named Raffaele Esposito created three pizzas for Queen Margherita when she was on a tour of Italy. The queen loved the version that had tomato, basil and mozzarella cheese--- and just happened to match the colors of the Italian flag. So Esposito named the pizza after her.
But Pizza historian Scott Wiener points out that Italy was unified in name only in 1889 so it was unlikely any Neapolitan baker would want to celebrate “the Northern conquerors.” Further, the letter of gratitude for the pizza from the royal household that Pizzeria Brandi displays appears to be a fake（赝品）and may just have been a marketing plan.
3: Hawaliian Pizza Invented by a Canadian.
Sam Panopoulos, from Greece originally moved to Canada at the age of 20. In 1962, he decided to put some ham and pineapple on a pizza at one of his restaurants in Ontario.
“We just put it on for fun to see how it was going to taste,” he told the BBC in 2017. Panopoulos named it the Hawaiian pizza after the brand of canned pineapple he used. The mix of sweet and savory toppings caught on with a certain part of the pizza-loving public. The inventor died in 2017.
1. Who was pizza first made for?| A．The people of Naples. |
| B．The poor Neapolitan people. |
| C．The rich Italian people. |
| D．Queen Margherita specially. |
| A．It was intended to match the colors of the Italian flag. |
| B．It was made to celebrate "the Northern conquerors." |
| C．It was made to cater for Queen Margherta. |
| D．It was displayed in the royal house. |
| A．It was named after a brand of canned pineapple. |
| B．It was named after a restaurant in Ontario. |
| C．It came from a local Hawaiian cook. |
| D．It came from the pizza-loving public. |
【推荐2】More Than Just Food
There are a few ways in which Chinese restaurants are different from Western restaurants. Consider how Westerners go about eating at restaurants. Everyone always gets their own menu and orders their own food.
Just as in the West, people can choose what they want to eat. However, while in the West, importance is placed on the individual and having one’s own preferences, in China importance is placed on sharing and community. Instead of seeing themselves as individuals first, and part of the group second, Chinese people generally see themselves as part of the group first and individuals second.
Finally, since people are seated at a round table, everyone is treated equally.
| A．China has many different styles of food |
| B．And, since the tables are usually small |
| C．No one is given greater importance over another |
| D．You should make an effort to enjoy Chinese food |
| E．Everyone still gets what they want, but it is a shared experience |
| F．Then, when the food comes, all of it is put in the middle of the table |
| G．However, the traditional Chinese restaurant experience is quite different |
【推荐3】Globalization has significantly influenced food consumption in most parts of the world, but one country whose food has a long history of being globalized is Italy. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at least one Italian restaurant. Furthermore, Italy has seen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries.
Food has always been very important for Italian families. Italians take a lot of pride in the making and preparation of food. Until recently, pasta——a basic Italian food——would have been made by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home.
Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. people no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the supermarkets. Ready-made pasta sauces are also increasingly popular—sales have doubled in the last five years, according to one manufacturer.
These changes have both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, globalization has increased the range of food available in Italy. Italians now have much more choice in terms of what they eat. They also do not need to spend so long preparing and making food, unless of course they want to. In contrast, it can be argued that large restaurant chains are becoming increasingly powerful, resulting in the destruction of local and national specialties.
| A．There is a difference between the food that people eat in the countryside and the food people eat in big cities. |
| B．Consequently, many Italians worry that they are losing their sense of nationality, as foreign food becomes more common. |
| C．In addition, people’s opportunity to experiment with foreign food was very limited, since only pizza and pasta were available in the local town square. |
| D．Possibly the global popularity of Italian food will ensure that it survives. |
| E．Another important change in Italian eating habits is the increasing popularity of foreign cuisine, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese foods. |
| F．Globalization has had a significant influence on the way that Italians eat. |
【推荐1】What is a barrier? It usually refers to an obstacle or a difficulty that prevents you from achieving something. Whether it was in your past, or you’ re presently facing one, you have to resolve it. While many people avoid barriers, deny their existence or let barriers control themselves, what stand you take on barriers will define the outcome of whether you rise from the challenge, or remain stuck in it. Here are some more great things to love about barriers.
First of all, barriers give you motivations. Sometimes barriers can reset your goals. You might be faced with setbacks or difficulties, you’ re forced to re-think, and re-examine your path. You may end up focusing on something new and exciting. Or, you may concentrate on something that you otherwise wouldn’t have if not for the particular setback. By having to overcome an obstacle, you’ll be fulfilling a purpose, rather than just going through the motions.
Also, barriers prepare you for the unexpected. They serve as guides for where to go next. Even though barriers can bring out many negative emotions in us, such as frustration, anger, or sadness, it’s important to realize that they don’t stop you from reaching your intended goals. Instead, they, in a way, give you time to stop and think if perhaps there is a new and better path to take and what you can prepare for what will happen along the way. Barriers shift your perspective.
Barriers, more often than not, are unavoidable. Life will never stop throwing you new barriers. So, the best thing to do is know how to better see and approach these obstacles, and transform them into opportunities for self-improvement. The more you’re able to see barriers as being an advantage to your life, the better you’ll be at managing them.
It will be rewarding to accept barriers, which will make you constantly change and adapt to new situations, thus allowing you to grow into a better version of yourself.
1. What is the determining factor of the outcome when facing barriers?| A．Your specific goals. | B．Your own attitude. |
| C．Your diverse preparations. | D．Your strong will power. |
| A．They bring you positive emotions. |
| B．They prevent you from realizing your goals. |
| C．They are avoidable if you prepare for them well. |
| D．They enable you to view things in a different way. |
| A．To cope with. | B．To go over. |
| C．To come near to sb. | D．To speak to sb about sth. |
| A．Life is always throwing us barriers. | B．Barriers are double-edged swords. |
| C．Embracing barriers benefits a lot. | D．Meeting barriers is actually avoidable. |
【推荐2】What should you think about when you try to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others. These may show strengths that you can use in your work. A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in engineering career. A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work. So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school. On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard. Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value.
Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work. You may be good at mental work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills.
If you have had a part - time job on Saturday or in the summer, think what you gained from it. If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers. You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example. Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part - time job.
Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself. You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures. It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist. Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background. You should not feel sorry about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.
1. The first paragraph of the passage is mainly about ________.| A．the indirect value of school work |
| B．the importance of being good at all subjects |
| C．knowing one’s strong or weak subjects at school |
| D．using school performance to help to choose a career |
| A．a good way to find out his weak points |
| B．one of the best ways of earning extra money |
| C．of great use for his work in the future |
| D．a waste of time he could have spent on study |
| A．may do well in his future work |
| B．won’t be able to find a suitable job |
| C．may be a complete failure in the future |
| D．will regret not having worked harder at school |
| A．knowing oneself in looking for a job |
| B．developing one’s abilities useful in school |
| C．gaining much knowledge by working hard at school |
| D．choosing a career according to what one is skilled in |
【推荐3】Nowadays, it is more common for people to express their thoughts in an e-mail or text. In fact, more and more students use technology for written communication in their lives. Even so, research shows that teaching handwriting skills has its benefits. However, are the benefits worth spending valuable classroom time in teaching handwriting skills when students could be learning more about computer keyboarding?
States across the country have good reasons to require students to learn computer keyboarding skills. For one, students are learning technology that will help them communicate faster with more people and in many different forms, such as e-mails, websites, blogs, and so on. Also the better a student’s computer keyboarding skills, the greater the chance that a student has to become a better writer. Computer tools such as the grammar and spell check make correcting quick and easy, although not 100% accurate (准确的). With these and many other tools, students gain important computer skills. Furthermore, students no longer have to worry about their writing being graded poorly by teachers. All in all, computer keyboarding skills are a step in the right direction.
Still, the advantages of computer keyboarding skills may not be enough to leave handwriting instruction in the dust. Marlena Hamilton, professor of neurology at University of Pennsylvania, did an experiment with her co-workers to study what happens in students’ brains when writing. They found that many of the areas of the brain light up. These are the same areas that are used to learn to read. They then wondered if the same would be true when students looked at letters on a keyboard. “What we found, “she states, “is that brains are much less involved when we just look at letters. When we actually use our hands to make things, the brain works much harder.”
Schools across the nation are looking at the evidence and deciding what to do. William McIntyre, a reading coach at Sunshine Elementary School in Albany, New York, says, “What we have learned from the research is that learning handwriting benefits students educationally. What we also know is that students need to be taught keyboarding skills. Now, it is up to each school to make a decision.
1. From the first paragraph, we can know that _______.| A．students don’t want to learn handwriting skills any more |
| B．students don’t like communicating with friends in person |
| C．students’ communicating by technology is more and more common |
| D．students spend more time in playing computer games than before |
| A．The roles of computer tools. |
| B．The advantages of computer keyboarding skills. |
| C．The importance of communication skills. |
| D．The necessity of developing writing skills. |
| A．Worried. | B．Doubtful. | C．Uncaring. | D．Supportive. |
| A．Keyboarding skills are very useful. |
| B．Handwriting is helpful for students to learn. |
| C．Keyboarding makes our brain more active. |
| D．Handwriting is more difficult than keyboarding. |
This attitude toward manual (体力的) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American life. One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously (豪华地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the nearby bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional man may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.
1. From paragraph 1, we can know that in America _____.
| A．people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man |
| B．people can always rise to the top through their own efforts |
| C．college professors win great respect from common workers |
| D．college professors feel it painful to mention their fathers as labors |
| A．servants in American are hard to get |
| B．she takes pride in what she can do herself |
| C．she can hardly afford servants |
| D．It is easy to prepare a meal with canned food |
| A．wait for others on a table | B．keep accounts in a restaurant |
| C．wait to lay the table | D．serve customers in a restaurant |
| A．By analyzing causes and effects | B．By giving examples |
| C．By reasoning and concluding | D．By telling stories |
【推荐2】If you are a psychology enthusiast, you have probably heard of the famous marshmallow test (棉花糖测试). In this task, kids are given a marshmallow, and are told that they can eat that marshmallow now, or they can wait a little while, and have two marshmallows instead. Some kids eat the marshmallow immediately, while others try their best to wait for the experimenter to come back with two marshmallows.
Wait time in the marshmallow test came to be seen as indicators of self-control. But is it really the case? A 2022 study by Yanaoka and his colleagues tested the idea that children may decide how long to wait for rewards based on what they are used to waiting for in their culture. In the United States, there is no widespread custom of waiting until everyone is served to eat your food. However, in Japan, there is a mealtime custom of waiting until everyone has been served before anyone starts to eat.
Because of this difference, the researchers hypothesized that Japanese children would wait longer in the marshmallow test than the American children. This is exactly what they found. This certainly suggests that cultural standards are important. The researchers did a clever follow-up experiment. They found one situation where children in the U. S. are used to waiting longer than Japanese children are: unwrapping presents. In the U. S., when children are given gifts on special occasions such Christmas, they usually have to wait before they can unwrap their presents. In Japan, however, children usually open presents immediately.
Given these cultural differences, Yanaoka and his colleagues expected that if they ran the marshmallow test with Japanese and American kids, but they replaced marshmallows with wrapped gifts, then American kids would wait longer to open them. Once again, their theory was correct. When the potential rewards were wrapped gifts instead of food, American children waited 15 minutes on average, and Japanese children waited about four minutes on average.
1. What do we know about marshmallow test?| A．Its design is perfect. | B．It only tests a kid’s self-control. |
| C．Its results might be misunderstood. | D．It is famous among kids and parents. |
| A．By listing varied gift-giving customs. | B．By contradicting existing concepts. |
| C．By summarizing previous theories. | D．By examining newly-made guesses. |
| A．Expected. | B．Designed. | C．Assumed. | D．Assured. |
| A．children’s age | B．cultural custom | C．self-confidence | D．self-belief |
There are some obvious factors in culture shock. The weather may be unpleasant. The customs may be different. The public service systems—the telephones, post office, or transportation—may be difficult to work out. The simplest things seem to be big problems. The language may be difficult.
Who feels culture shock? Everyone does in this way or that. But culture shock surprises most people. Very often the people having the worst culture shock are those who never had any difficulties in their own community. Coming to a new country, these people find they do not have the same established positions. They find themselves without any identity. They have to build a new self-image.
Culture shock gives rise to a feeling of disorientation (迷失方向). This feeling may be homesickness. When homesick, people feel like staying inside all the time. They want to protect themselves from the strange environment, and create an escape inside their room for a sense of security. This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but it does nothing to make the person familiar with the culture. Getting to know the new environment and gaining experience — these are the long-term solutions to the problem of culture shock.
1. When people move to a new country, they _______.
| A．will get used to their new surroundings with difficulty |
| B．have well prepared for the new surroundings |
| C．will get used to the culture of the country quickly |
| D．will never be familiar with the culture of the country |
| A．language communication | B．weather conditions and customs |
| C．public service systems | D．homesickness |
| A．the fewer difficulties you may have abroad |
| B．the more difficulties you may have abroad |
| C．the more money you will earn abroad |
| D．the less homesick you may feel abroad |
| A．find some people to talk to | B．go outside to have a walk |
| C．visit their friends far away | D．stay indoors all the time |
| A．protect ourselves from unfamiliar environment |
| B．develop a strange sense of self-protection |
| C．get familiar with new culture |
| D．return to our own country |
