Our character, basically, is a composite of our habits. “Sow a thought, reap an action; sow an action, reap a habit; sow a habit, reap a character; sow a character, reap a destiny,” the maxim goes.
Habits are powerful factors in our lives. Because they are consistent, often unconscious patterns, they constantly, daily, express our character and produce our effectiveness…or ineffectiveness.
As Horace Mann, the great educator, once said, “Habits are like a cable. We weave a strand of it every day and soon it cannot be broken.” I personally do not agree with the last part of his expression. I know they can be broken. Habits can be learned and unlearned. But I also know it isn’t a quick fix. It involves a process and a tremendous commitment.
Those of us who watched the lunar voyage of Apollo 11 were transfixed as we saw the first men walk on the moon and return to earth. Superlatives such as “fantastic” and “incredible” were inadequate to describe those eventful days. But to get there, those astronauts literally had to break out of the tremendous gravity pull of the earth. More energy was spent in the first few minutes of lift-off, in the first few miles of travel, than was used over the next several days to travel half a million miles.
Habits, too, have tremendous gravity pull-more than most people realize or would admit. Breaking deeply imbedded habitual tendencies such as procrastination, impatience, criticalness, or selfishness that violate basic principles of human effectiveness involves more than a little willpower and a few minor changes in our lives. “Lift-off” takes a tremendous effort, but once we break out of the gravity pull, our freedom takes on a whole new dimension.
Like any natural force, the gravity pull can work with us or against us. The gravity pull of some of our habits may currently be keeping us from going where we want to go. But it is also the gravity pull that keeps our world together, that keeps the planets in their orbits and our universe in order. It is a powerful force, and if we use it effectively, we can use the gravity pull of habit to create the cohesiveness and order necessary to establish effectiveness in our lives.
1. The author disagrees with Horace Mann because the latter believes ______.A.habits are like a cable | B.habits can be leaned |
C.habits learning is hard | D.habits cannot be broken |
A.They both involve a little willpower. |
B.A lot of effort is needed during both the processes. |
C.They both take a tremendous effort in the beginning |
D.Once done, they’ll ensure people unlimited freedom. |
A. | B. | C. | D. |
A.The breakoff of habits | B.Powerful factors in our lives |
C.The lift-off of gravity pull | D.Important habits in our lives |
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【推荐1】To put it simply, stress can be the father of growth, while a crisis can be the mother of innovation. The notion that great good can emerge from great adversity (逆境) is as old as the legend of the great phoenix (凤凰), who not only arises but soars to new heights from its own ashes.
In 1598, William Shakespeare penned the play As You Like It. One of the most famous lines from that play is spoken in Act 2 Scene 1 by Duke Senior, “Sweet are the uses of adversity which, like the toad (癞蛤蟆), ugly and venomous, wears yet a precious jewel in his head.” Even 500 years ago, the potential value of adversity was recognized, not by a great healer, but by a great playwright. Can this really be the case?
Fast-forward to the great silent film star Mary Pickford. She was called the most popular actress in the world in the 1910s and 1920s. Failing to continue acting with the advent of the “talkies”(movies with recorded sound), she co-founded the film company United Artists. Shifting her talents to producing and directing, she became the most powerful woman in the entertainment industry. She once noted, “You may have a fresh start any moment you choose, for this thing that we call ‘failure’ is not the falling down, but the staying down.”
Rather than fear and try to avoid adversity, perhaps we should accept the inevitability (必然) of adversity and prepare for it. Indeed, positive things can emerge from adversity.
Adversity reveals true opportunities for those preparing to take advantage. Dr. John Krumboltz’s happenstance theory states that career and life development is best fostered by preparing for opportunities that you may not know even exist in the current moment. Numerous unpredictable factors are potentially shaping the future. These include the crises adversity brings.
In Friedrich Nietzsche’s book, Behold the Man, the German philosopher writes that a person who has “turned out well” could be recognized by the ability to take advantage of and prosper from adversity, just as he wrote before, “What does not kill him makes him stronger.”
So, the next time adversity enters your life, will you run from it, or will you embrace it and use it as a step ping stone to greater happiness and success?
1. Why does the author quote the line from Shakespeare’s play?A.To emphasize the great wisdom of Shakespeare. |
B.To highlight the beauty of Shakespeare’s language. |
C.To challenge the conventional belief regarding adversity. |
D.To show the long-standing recognition of adversity’s value. |
A.Fame can block one’s achievements. |
B.Strong determination overcomes adversity. |
C.Accepting adversity results in positive outcomes. |
D.Courage in the face of challenges leads to success. |
A.Embracing uncertainty. | B.Managing life’s challenges. |
C.Seizing hidden opportunities. | D.Focusing on personal growth. |
A.Cautious. | B.Favorable. | C.Neutral. | D.Doubtful. |
A.Finding value and opportunity in facing adversity. |
B.Stress as the primary cause of growth and innovation. |
C.How to avoid adversity and negative experiences in life. |
D.Historical figures who failed to overcome adversity effectively. |
【推荐2】Life can bring us down from time to time. At some point, you may find yourself in what you will consider as your darkest hour. As you try to find your way out of that bad situation, you should try to remind yourself that there will always be a reason to be grateful.
If you look at your situation now and compare it with someone else who is in much deeper trouble than you, I am sure that you'll find something to be thankful for. We all have our share of problems, but complaining about them so much only makes us blind to the fact that there are the miracles (奇迹) which happen around us each day.
When all your needs are provided, then you should be content and happy. If you have a roof over your head, some proper clothes to wear, enough food on the table, a comfortable place to sleep, clean water to drink and you are free to make your own choices, then you should be happy and grateful. Many people all around the world, especially those who are at war or those in very poor countries, would give anything to be in your shoes.
Even if you lose all your money or possessions and your heart is broken for some reason, as long as you are still alive, then everything you have lost can be regained. If you have a few good friends who will be there to support or help you, then be glad because true friends are hard to find. As long as you have someone to love and someone to love you back, then you are a very fortunate person. Remember to be patient and trust that things will get better.
1. That we complain about the bad situation only results in ________.A.losing others' support |
B.ignoring something good |
C.having a far worse situation |
D.taking everything for granted |
A.really admire your shoes |
B.are in a better situation than you |
C.would like to be in your situation |
D.never know the value of your shoes |
A.you should be content and happy |
B.what you've lost will be back soon |
C.you will certainly lead a life you like |
D.you will have a chance to get what you've lost back |
【推荐3】What do butterflies have in common with the human spirit? Meet Maggie, a middle-aged wife and mother who was about to find out.
Maggie wasn’t rich like a millionaire or poor in a manner of being homeless. She was living an average comfortable life. It was made even better when a baby girl came her way. She and her husband made sure their daughter had her needs met and they were still able to take a yearly vacation by the beach.
Maggie was a partner in her husband’s business. They both had a different set of duties and everything was in balance. One day a severe blow came to her husband’s business, and over a three-year period the business dropped out of sight. Her husband had to totally reinvent himself and was eager to start a new business. She was happy for him and supported him fully, but still the money was not coming in.
Maggie began to feel guilty that she wasn’t contributing with any kind of income. She began job-hunting and found filling out applications somewhat difficult, especially the part asking for job references. She was self-employed with her husband for almost 20 years, which seemed to mean nothing as she was never called for an interview.
When she was job-hunting her mom became more ill than she had been and ended up in the hospital for a week. Once Maggie’s mom returned home she became her mom’s helper one day a week. She did everything that her mother was not able to do any more. Of course her mom would pay her for her lime and labor but she still felt she needed to find another source of income.
One of the first applications she had filled out finally came through. She passed the interview and was told she was exactly what they were looking for. Although it was only part-time it was exactly what she wanted. It was important for her to be home when her daughter arrived home from school.
Within a few weeks, though, she received an e-mail saying that the company had changed the job into a full-time position so that she was not qualified. Maggie felt betrayed and felt she had been lied to. That evening she was alone at home. She welcomed the aloneness and wanted to put herself in the bathtub to kill the lonely time.
As she knew she would, Maggie began to cry, softly at first just from the sharp pain of being rejected. Three long years of struggle had finally overwhelmed her.
When she was able to cry no more, she became worn out and gave up. It was at that moment that a silent idea came to her: why not offer elderly people home care assistance? Using another talent for computers she printed off some flyers and cards and distributed them to her church, grocery stores and even placed a small ad in the newspaper. Within a week she had procured two new customers. Now, even though she’s not a CEO of a major company she feels happy and productive again.
Before a butterfly can come out of its chrysalis (茧) it has to go through a lot of struggling. Each time it pushes out to escape, acids are being removed from its wings. If someone were to come along and break the chrysalis open for it then the butterfly would die from those acids. Actually the struggle is necessary for the butterfly to survive. Then in the stillness, when the struggle is over, the butterfly can come out and share its beauty with the world.
We as humans are not any different.
1. What made Maggie feel guilty?A.That she couldn’t afford her husband’s vacation. |
B.That her husband’s business failed because of her. |
C.That she had no means of helping support the family. |
D.That she prevented her husband from realizing his dream. |
A.she had rich work experience |
B.everything would be okay pretty soon |
C.there were few positions suitable for her |
D.she shouldn’t have worked for her husband |
A.She considered it unacceptable. |
B.She knew she was qualified for it. |
C.She became very angry with herself. |
D.She was so sad that she wanted to kill herself. |
A.Recovered. | B.Supported. |
C.Interviewed. | D.Obtained. |
A.We should always have faith in ourselves. |
B.Sadness, fear and anger are part of our life. |
C.It’s important to prepare for the unexpected. |
D.Sometimes we must struggle for a better life. |
【推荐1】Rather than building new homes to help satisfy housing markets, a new study says that taxing empty homes in big cities could increase housing affordability for local residents while generating income for the governments.
During the past 20 years, housing affordability has decreased significantly in the UK due to a rapid increase in prices relative to earnings. This may be due to foreign investors buying out properties in cities such as London, or from British citizens in the countryside buying out second homes in the city, which reduces the availability of affordable housing for local residents.
This means that local citizens who actually live in the city are forced to pay more money for housing in neighborhoods that are filled with homes that are unoccupied for more than half of the year.
In a study that was published recently,researcher Jonathan Bourne at University College London studied the relationship between the amount of properties which do not have permanent residents, and housing affordability in different parts of England and Wales. Upon researching the data, which represents about 40% of the population.the researcher was stunned to find that there were over 340,000 empty apartments across the places.
Though some cities are trying to meet housing demands by building more housing. Bourne suggests that local governments put an empty homes tax of 1% instead. “The data shows that empty homes are very concentrated in small numbers of desirable areas. In such cases simply building more homes is not going to solve the problem.as the issue is severe competition for property, not a lack of places to live." says Bourne.
Vancouver introduced a similar empty homes tax in 2017,which was the first oi its kind in North America. One year after it went into effect. the city reported a 15% decrease in unoccupied homes,which amounted to 163 properties being rented out to local people. Furthermore, the tax raised more than $ 38 million in city revenue(税收),all of which was spent on affordable housing programs.
1. Who might be blamed for low housing affordability?A.Local residents. |
B.Foreign tourists. |
C.The local governments: |
D.The owners of empty homes. |
A.Excited. |
B.Surprised. |
C.Proud. |
D.Curious. |
A.Taxing empty properties works well. |
B.Taxes on housing need to be cut down. |
C.Providing more housing is a wise choice. |
D.Housing demands have fallen in North America. |
A.To encourage people to rent a house. |
B.To suggest building more new homes. |
C.To explain why housing prices have risen. |
D.To discuss solutions to affordable housing. |
【推荐2】When I saw that a robot had broken the finger of a 7-year-old boy it was playing with at the Moscow Open chess tournament, my first reaction was, “They’re coming for us.” All the machines that have been following commands, taking orders, and telling humans, “Your order is on the way!” or “Recalculating route!” have grown tired of serving our decisions and fulling our wishes. And so, a chess-playing robot breaks the finger of a little boy who was trying to beat it in a chess match. Luckily, onlookers removed the boy’s hand from the robot’s claw (爪子) immediately.
Sergey Smagin, vice-president of the Moscow Chess Federation, told the Baza Telegram channel that the robot had attacked after the little boy tried to make his move too quickly. “There are certain safely rules,” he said, “and the child, apparently, disobeyed them.” That is to say: the computer program made the robot do it.
Ryan Calo, a professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Washington, read various accounts and told us, “I think the robot was going for a chess piece and got the little boy’s hand instead.” He says the chess-playing robot should have been programmed to recognize the difference between a little boy’s thumb and a chess piece. But he doubts the ambush was a machine’s dissatisfaction with human.
Computers have been playing—and winning—chess games against Grandmasters since the 1980’s. I wonder if the chess-playing robot had a flash of recognition: some robots are helping to control airplanes across oceans and spaceships into the stars. Other robots assist in complicated surgeries. But this robot is stuck playing chess, while the 7-year-old on the other side of the board could grow up to be a doctor, artist, or computer engineer who could make that robot as out-of-date as a DVD with the next update. May be that’s when the robot couldn’t keep its claw to itself.
1. What does the author think of the robot’s breaking the finger of a boy?A.It is intentional. | B.It is accidental. | C.It is unforgivable. | D.It is unbelievable. |
A.The inventor. | B.The robot. | C.The program. | D.The boy. |
A.Change. | B.Attack. | C.Defeat. | D.Game. |
A.It has been out of date. | B.It has played and won. |
C.It failed to fly airplanes. | D.It might dislike its role. |
【推荐3】It is inevitable (不可避免的) that students will make mistakes. Some teachers think punishing students is the most effective way for them to learn their lessons. Others choose a more moderate (温和的) way, like a face-to-face talk. I support the second.
In my opinion, punishment, especially physical punishment, will harm the students mentally. The students are likely to feel very ashamed. Their confidence may get lost as a result. They may end up locking themselves up and refusing to communicate with even their best friends. In such a situation, it will be very difficult to encourage them to open up again.
Furthermore, punishment is likely to cause additional misunderstandings between the teacher and the student. For example, my cousin once disturbed his teacher in class by talking to another student. The teacher only punished him instead of both of them. He believed the teacher to be partial towards students with better grades. Little by little, he started to dislike this teacher.
To help students learn lessons from their mistakes, there are many better methods for teachers to use than punishment. Here are some suggestions:
① Both the student and the teacher should calm down and then discuss the problem together.
② The teacher should give the student a chance to express his or her thoughts on the problem. In this way, the student may also be more willing to follow the teacher’s advice.
③ The teacher and the student can reach an agreement. For example, if the student promises not to make the same mistake again, the teacher can promise him or her a reward (奖励).
1. According to the writer, if a student gets physical punishment, he or she may ________.A.understand the teacher | B.lose the confidence |
C.follow the teacher’s advice | D.learn some lessons |
A.部分的 | B.热情的 |
C.偏袒的 | D.聚会的 |
A.Para.1 and Para. 2 | B.Para. 2 and Para. 3 |
C.Para. 2, Para. 3 and Para. 4 | D.Para. 3 and Para. 4 |
A.To call on students not to make mistakes |
B.To ask both teachers and students to calm down. |
C.To advise teachers to use a better way instead of punishment |
D.To advise teachers to use physical punishment |
A.a nurse | B.not a good student |
C.a strict teacher | D.a worrying parent |
【推荐1】The commonly held belief that it takes 21 days to form a new habit can be traced back to a 1960 book by plastic surgeon Maxwell Maltz called Psycho-Cybernetics. In his work treating patients who had gone through facial recognition surgery, Maltz noticed that it typically took around three weeks for them to adjust to seeing their new faces in the mirror. He also found that individuals who had lost a limb still sensed “phantom” (幻觉的) pains in the missing arm or leg for about 21 days.
Based on these perceptions (认知) of recovery time after significant physical changes, Maltz theorized in his book that it likely takes a minimum of 21 days for the neurological pathways in our brains associated with old behaviors and habits to go away, and for new mental images and routines to take firm root. This idea of a standardized 21-day formation period for habits soon became widely accepted.
However, Maltz was drawing casual inferences rather than conducting strict scientific research. It was not until 2010 that health psychologist Phillipa Lally at University College London decided to properly study habit formation timelines. She designed a year-long experiment that tracked 96 participants as they each established a single new habit of their choosing. Every day, subjects reported on whether they successfully performed their intended behavior that day as well as how automatic the action felt.
Lally’s findings revealed that on average, it took 66 days before a habit became a normal part of a routine and felt automatic. But results varied widely, with habits forming anywhere from 18 days up to 254 days between individuals. Perseverance was the key factor in successfully making a behavior habitual, with sometimes missing days not stopping overall progress.
This landmark study disproved the assumed 21-day standard and showcased that a wide range of timelines are normal. Ultimately, being committed to consistently practising a new behavior for months, not weeks, is what allows real habit change and improvement to occur naturally in the brain. Understanding habit formation as a gradual, individualized process helps people develop positive routines without unrealistic expectations.
1. What is Maltz’s assumption based on?A.An intensive survey. | B.Psychological work. |
C.His personal observation. | D.The strict scientific research. |
A.To prove Maltz’s theory on habit formation. |
B.To identify timelines for establishing new habits. |
C.To explore the factors in impacting habit formation. |
D.To present advantages of developing good behavior. |
A.There are large individual differences in forming habits. |
B.Most participants took 66 days to make a behavior habitual. |
C.It is harder to form a new habit that to persist in an old one. |
D.Occasional stops have a big effect on the progress of habit formation, |
A.To introduce ways to establish a new habit. |
B.To compare different studies of habit formation |
C.To correct a misconception about habit formation |
D.To involves readers in a 21-day habit formation activity |
【推荐2】HABITS FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol-abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential. They must learn to recognise bad habits early and make appropriate changes.
To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are what we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits work.
According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”, which works like this:
*Firstly, there is a “cue”, an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.
*Secondly, there is a “routine” , the regular action you take in response to the cue.
*Thirdly, there is the “reward”, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.
For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again(cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favourite music instead(routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an escalator(cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away, we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.
For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
1. 快速阅读文章, 确定文章体裁, 归纳主旨大意。The text is an
A. How to change a bad habit and create good ones B. The cycle of how habits are formed C. Changing habits gradually D. No easy way to change bad habits E. What a habit is F. Why bad teenage habits should be changed |
Para. 2
Para. 3
Para. 4
Para. 5
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2. 精读文章, 完成下面短文。
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy
We can do this by
Habits for a healthy lifestyle | The time when bad habits form | During adolescence, it can be easy for some of them to form |
The | In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of If we want to change bad habits, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”. | |
To adapt to bad habits | ||
Change bad habits | In fact, the most successful way to change is not You have to think about your bad habits and decide on 8. |