The tornadoes that recently hit the U.S. are some of the most destructive and deadly in history. The death in Kentucky, the hardest stricken state, reached 80 on Monday, with dozens still not included. The scale of destruction and timing of the tornadoes so late in the year — most tornadoes happen in the spring and summer — is leading to discussion about how climate change may have affected this deadly disaster.
“In my 40 years as a meteorologist (气象学家), this was one of the most shocking weather events I’ve ever experienced,” says Jeff Masters, at Yale Climate Connections. “Watching these storms on Friday night, my thought was, ‘Is no season safe?’ Extreme tornadoes in December. That was mind blowing to me.”
Unlike heat waves and floods, the connection between a warming world and tornadoes is complex (复杂的) and uncertain. Scientists have several ideas about how tornado behavior may change. Tornadoes in December are possible. But it remains to be seen whether climate change will strengthen or increase the frequency (频率) of tornadoes.
According to NOAA’s data, there has been a recorded increase in the number of observed tornadoes since 1950, which experts believe is largely because of better technology such as Doppler radar. There’s been no observed increase in the frequency of major tornadoes over time. For example, 59 of the most serious F5 tornadoes in the U.S. have happened since 1950. But if the storm that destroyed Kentucky turns out to have been an F5, it will have been the first since 2013 — bringing to an end the longest recorded period so far.
However, “given the general influence of global warming on the atmosphere, it makes sense that it should be having an effect on tornadoes too,” says Victor Gensini, an extreme weather expert at Northern Illinois University. “Rather than asking: ‘Did climate change cause this tornado?’, it’s better to operate under the thought that climate change did play a role,” he says.
While the science on climate change and tornadoes isn’t clear, meteorologists are predicting conditions benefiting tornadoes will continue this month. “ To be honest, I’m worried about the rest of the year. I don’t think we’re out of the woods yet.” Gensini says.
1. What is one difference between the recent tornadoes and the ones in the past?A.They caused no deaths. | B.They happened in December. |
C.They hit only Kentucky. | D.They caught people unprepared. |
A.Waves and floods often follow tornadoes. |
B.There is an agreement on how tornadoes may change. |
C.Climate change will make tornadoes the most deadly disaster. |
D.Scientists are unsure about how climate change influences tornadoes. |
A.The tornadoes have nothing to do with climate warming. |
B.The science on climate change is advancing very quickly. |
C.The climate change most likely has an effect on tornadoes. |
D.The climate change will make tornadoes much less frequent. |
A.Out of date. | B.Out of order. |
C.Out of danger. | D.Out of control. |
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【推荐1】In the hours after the earthquake that hit Nepal on April 25,2015, thousands of rescue teams from around the world were sent there to help search for survivors through the ruins. This can be a very tough task, since it can take many hours to safely dig survivors, often in need of immediate medical care, out of the ruins.
After spending 80 hours in the ruins of a building outside Kathmandu, Rishi Khanal was pulled out alive by a French search and rescue team. Khanal had been trying to get the attention of rescue workers for days. After the team found him, they spent 10 hours digging him out. The team broke the concrete (混凝土) that trapped Khanal within the building and pulled him up through a hole before carrying him away. Khanal suffered a broken leg.
“What made his survival so unusual was that after the first three days, there was little chance of finding survivors. It seemed he survived by willpower,” said Akhilesh Shrestha, a doctor who treated Khanal.
Meanwhile, rescues of a different kind were taking place on Mount Qomolangma.
On the border (边境) between Nepal and its northern neighbor China, more than 100 people were trying to climb Mount Qomolangma when the earthquake hit. 19 people were killed when an avalanche (雪崩) caused by the earthquake hit hundreds of tents (帐篷) at base camp. At least 61 people were injured.
The surviving climbers, who were stranded (滞留) in two different camps both above 21,000 feet, have all been rescued and returned to base camp. Small helicopters carried the climbers down the mountain in groups of four or five. Landing on Qomolangma long enough to pick up a passenger is dangerous even in good conditions, and helicopters could not touch down for more than 30 seconds to pick up passengers.
1. What does the underlined word “tough” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Quick. | B.Difficult. | C.Important. | D.Dangerous. |
A.It was thanks to Khanal’s work as a doctor. | B.It depended on the rescue team’s efforts. |
C.It was thought to be almost impossible. | D.It encouraged other injured people. |
A.A powerful avalanche. | B.Bad weather conditions. |
C.Serious mountain sickness. | D.A shortage of food and water. |
A.Risky and hopeless. | B.Smooth and creative. |
C.Meaningful but boring. | D.Challenging but successful. |
【推荐2】Melinda Skaar wasn't expecting any phone calls. Skaar was working late in her office at the First Internet bank of California. By 10:45 that night she was almost ready to go home when the phone rang. Picking it up, she heard a guard shouting, “There is a fire! Get out of there.” Skaar didn't panic. She figured that it was just a small fire. Her office building was huge. There were 62 floors and her desk was on the 37th floor. Skaar called out to office mate Stephen Oksas, who also stayed late to work. But when they got out to the hallway, they were met by a cloud of black smoke. Rushing back, Skaar shut the door and filled the space at the bottom of the door with her jacket to keep the smoke out.
Then they called 911. Before they could call their families, however, the line went dead. That meant that they were completely cut off from the outside world. All they could do was wait and hope someone would come to rescue them.
Minutes ticked by. Smoke began to float into the office. Soon it became hard for them to breathe. Looking around, Skaar noticed a small workroom. It seemed to have cleaner air. So they crowded there. That helped for a while, but in time even the workroom was filled with deadly smoke. Hopeless, they tried to break the windows, but the glass was not breakable. Everything they threw at it just bounced back. Defeated, they struggled back to the workroom. They felt weak and dizzy. Soon Skaar found Oksas had passed out.
As Skaar and Oksas lay near death, rescuers were rushing to find them. At last, at about 4 a.m., firefighters found them.
Skaar and Oksas knew they were lucky to be alive. Sunday is my birthday, Skaar told a reporter. She would be turning 29, but she knew she had already got the best present possible—the gift of life.
1. What did Skaar and Oksas do when they were stopped by the fire?A.they tried to run down the stairs. | B.they called their families. |
C.they waited where they were. | D.they rushed back and shut the door. |
A.calling 911 for help |
B.shutting the door and keeping the smoke out with a jacket |
C.breaking the windows to get some fresh air |
D.crowding in a small workroom for clean air |
A.she was trained as a firefighter |
B.she was cleverer than Oksas |
C.she had had the experience of being caught in fire. |
D.she remained calm in the face of danger |
【推荐3】After a month of fires that gave off record-breaking amounts of polluting gas, smoke from Siberian wildfires is now making its way to the west coast of the United States.
The New York Times’ Somini Sengupta reports that Arctic wildfires in June 2020 caused more pollution than the data (数据) that had been collected in the previous 18 years. Seasonal wildfires are common in Siberia, but this year’s fires are unusually widespread in part because of a climate change-driven heatwave. The Arctic is experiencing climate change-driven warming faster than the rest of the earth, which sets up the dry conditions that make fires spread.
“I was surprised to see a fire burning 10 kilometers south of a bay of the Laptev Sea, which is like, the sea ice factory of the world,” said fire researcher Jessica McCarty from Miami University in Ohio. “When I went into fire science as an undergraduate student, if someone had told me I’d be studying fire regimes (管强体制) in Greenland and the Arctic, I would have laughed at them.”
This June’s Arctic fires beat the pollution record set in 2019, said Mark Parrington, who works with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service tracking worldwide wildfires. Some of the fires may have spent the winter months smoldering (闷燃) only to grow again in warmer weather. And the weather has certainly gotten warmer. In June, a Russian town above the Arctic circle called Verkhoyansk hit a high temperature of 100,4 degrees Fahrenheit.
The current situation in the Arctic circle shows that previous predictions (预测) “underestimate what is going on in reality,” earth scientist Vladmir Romanovsky sold. He added that temperature observation in the High Arctic made in the last 15 years weren’t expected for another seventy years.
Millions of acres of land are on fire this wildfire season. Most of the wildfires are located in Siberia’s Sakha Republic, which sees wildfires frequently, but fires are also spreading further north and into unusual ecosystems, like those that are characterized by permafrost (永冻土).
1. What made 2020 Arctic wildfires extremely widespread?A.The warmer climate. | B.Stronger seasonal winds. |
C.More fires caused by humans. | D.Humans’ poorer control of them. |
A.She used to laugh at those who studied the Arctic. |
B.She had decided to be a firefighter in Greenland. |
C.She used to think fires rarely happened in the Arctic. |
D.She had shown little interest in studying fire science. |
A.The Arctic fires may go out in winter. |
B.2020 Arctic fires may be related to those in 2019. |
C.The pollution record in the Arctic is broken each year. |
D.2020 Arctic fires affected temperatures across Russia. |
A.Refer to. | B.Focus on. | C.Judge incorrectly | D.Ignore completely. |
【推荐1】A disastrous fire surrounded Notre Dame(巴黎圣母院)completely and destroyed large parts of the Gothic(哥特式的) architecture on Monday.
“Notre Dame is our history, our literature; part of our spirit, the place of all our great events, our wars, our liberations, the center of our lives" French President Emmanuel Macron told reporters in front of the still burning Paris landmark and promised to rebuild Notre Dame Cathedral.
“Notre Dame is burning, and know the sadness and this tremble felt by so many fellow French people. But tonight, I’d like to speak of hope too, "he said, announcing the launch of a fundraising campaign.
“Let’s be proud, because we built this cathedral more than 800 years ago, we’ve built it and, throughout the centuries, let it grow and improve it. So I gravely say tonight: we will rebuild it together, ”he added.
The disastrous fire engulfed(吞没) the upper reaches of Paris’ towering Notre Dame Cathedral as it was undergoing renovations(翻新)。
Tourists and Parisians looked on horrified from the streets below. France’s Interior Ministry said firefighters might not be able to save the structure.
The fire collapsed the cathedrals’ spire(尖顶) and spread to one of its landmark towers "Everything is burning; nothing will remain from the frame, "Notre Dame spokesman Andre Finot told French media. The 12th-century cathedral is home to incalculable works of art and is one of the world’s most famous tourist attractions, immortalized by Victor Hugo’s 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
The cause of the fire was not known, but French media quoted the Paris fire brigade(消防队) as saying the fire is “potentially linked" to a 6 million—euro($6. 88 million)renovation project on the church’s spire and its 250 tons of lead. Officials opened an investigation as Paris police said there were no reported deaths. Some 400 firefighters were battling the fire well into the night.
1. What Emmanuel Macron said mainly shows that____________A.Notre Dame was the symbol of Paris in history. |
B.The French government are going to rebuild Notre Dame. |
C.It took more than 800 years to build Notre Dame. |
D.He was desperate when he made the announcement. |
A.Notre Dame Cathedral was burnt down entirely. |
B.The structure was well saved by the firefighters. |
C.People who were killed in the fire are some firefighters. |
D.The fire was likely caused by a renovation project on the church’s spire. |
A.The novel made the cathedral famous. |
B.The cathedral is repeatedly mentioned in the novel. |
C.The novel became a bestseller thanks to the cathedral. |
D.The novel became more mysterious due to the cathedral. |
A.Disappointed. | B.Humorous. |
C.Matter-of-fact. | D.Critical. |
【推荐2】The lights go down, music plays, and a young woman on a bike at the front of the class encourages students to spin faster and harder. When the lights go back on, the students on the bikes pull out their notebooks, and it’s clear that this is not SoulCycle. Instead, it’s a first-of-its-kind business school course at Fordham University that is taught on spin bikes in a university.
“It’s the first class that I mention to anybody when anybody asks me what classes I’m taking,” said Amanda Vopat, 22, a business administration major. “I think people are really excited about it.”
The 75-minute, twice-weekly course is the brainchild of Julita Haber, a business school professor at Fordham. “I have been introducing movement and fitness in my classes for the past seven years,” she said. “I found the spin class would really allow students to exercise while a professor lectures at the same time.”
The course the students are taking while cycling is no joke. Managing Professional Relationships is an upper-level business school course taken primarily by juniors and seniors. The students are fully instrumental in each class, selecting the music, leading stretches before and after class and leading the intervals during the class.
Haber stops her lecture every 20 minutes throughout the class. While one student turns off the lights, another student turns up the music and a third student goes to a bike in the front of the class to lead their classmates in high-intensity interval that lasts two to three minutes, just enough to re-energize the students.
“It’s a fantastic way of engaging students and as a professor, as a teacher, that’s really gratifying,” she said. “They don’t have their smartphones, and they don’t have laptops so they are physically engaged and also mentally engaged in what is being said.”
The course is the first of its kind at Fordham, and Haber believes it is also a first across the United States. She has authored research on the unique classroom approach, which she calls fitness integrated learning.
Donna Rapaccioli, the head of Fordham’s Gabelli School of Business, described how students were “energized” by the class and said Fordham was open to expanding it to other courses. “Definitely,” Rapaccioli answered when asked if Haber’s course represents the future of learning.
1. What might SoulCycle be?A.A repair shop. | B.A healthy club. | C.A bicycle store. | D.A music studio. |
A.It was originally thought up by Julita. |
B.It lasts seventy-five minutes without breaks. |
C.It is open to all students at Fordham University. |
D.It was taught in a university gym once every 2 weeks. |
A.Inspiring. | B.Interesting. | C.Surprising. | D.Satisfying. |
A.Proud and confident. | B.Hopeful and cheerful. |
C.Informal and friendly. | D.Humorous and clever. |
【推荐3】Although stress over test taking, handing in homework and balancing school and a social life is nothing new to Richard Montgomery students, online learning has introduced a whole new idea of what a stressful school day feels like. Without face-to-face communication, many students have found themselves needing to work out new ways to cope with their stress.
Junior Rayan Ouattara is a basketball player at RM and is feeling the stress of missing this year’s season. In order to relieve stress, he enjoys doing outdoor activities. “Every time I need to relax or think of something other than school. I like to pick up the ball and make a shot.” said Ouattara.
Whether it is your first year in high school or your last, it’s difficult to be missing out on the experience. Senior Kyle Dexter is experiencing these hard times first hand. “It has definitely been stressful to think that last December could have been my last days on campus and I won’t get to have another year to do all the things I wanted to... I have been doing late night walks while listening to music to help.” said Dexter, when asked what has stressed him out about missing his senior year and how he is coping.
While Dexter is sharing his experience of his senior year, Jordyn Kolchins in her first year of high school has lots to say about her new life. “It’s been really stressful, especially because the work schedule is a lot heavier than in middle school and being online has been pretty crazy... I really like doing coloring books. They are really good for destressing.”
Although students from all different grades have expressed their fears about this school year, their futures, and high stress levels, it’s important to remember that there are ways to deal with these difficult times and remember that everyone is going through this together. This may mean taking your mind off some things for a momcnt and finding new ways to do the activities you love, even if you haven’t discovered quite how yet.
1. What is a new cause of Richard Montgomery students’ stress?A.Shorter study time. | B.New tests. |
C.Too many school activities. | D.Online learning. |
A.He’s in his last school year | B.He wants to leave school soon. |
C.He is crazy about listening to music. | D.He graduated from high school last year. |
A.Living an unhealthy life. | B.Balancing life and work. |
C.Learning drawing online. | D.Adapting to high school online. |
【推荐1】A recent global study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60 percent of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. The report also showed that nearly half of the respondents (受访者) said that such distress affected them daily, and three-quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, and many other studies, show clearly that climate change is not just a threat to the environment. It also poses a very real threat to our mental health.
Psychologists have classified these feelings of sadness, distress, and worry about the current climate emergency as eco-anxiety. According to the Climate Psychology Alliance, eco-anxiety is defined as the “intense physical and mental discomfort in response to dangerous changes in the climate system.”
Eco-anxiety doesn’t just affect young people. It also affects researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality discovered in their findings, and it affects the poor people across the globe, who hopelessly bear the harmful impacts of climate breakdown.
In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece, and summer floods destroy regions in Pakistan that are home to nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience mental distress.
The cause of this mental distress is absolutely external. According to Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco-anxiety from the University of Bath, anyone experiencing these emotions is displaying entirely natural and rational reactions to the climate crisis. Her suggestion? Take eco-anxiety as a tool for good-as an emotion that can urge people to act in protection of our planet.
This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and apply for jobs that seek sustainable development. Eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with therapy—we will solve it by taking action.
1. What does the underlined word “distress” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Shock. | B.Anxiety. | C.Happiness. | D.Anger. |
A.It is a strong reaction to the natural disasters. |
B.It is a kind of mental disease for the young people. |
C.It is a physical and mental discomfort when we meet difficulties. |
D.It is a strong physical and mental discomfort for the dangerous climate changes. |
A.The process of eco-anxiety. | B.The impact of eco-anxiety. |
C.The causes of eco-anxiety. | D.The benefits of eco-anxiety. |
A.Defeat it with a therapy. | B.Just wait for a good solution. |
C.Join the fight for climate justice. | D.Use it to urge people to protect our earth. |
【推荐2】When 62-year-old fisherman Kpana Charlie has finished placing the day’s catch in his nets, he likes to sit on his wooden chair and let his mind go back to his childhood. Back then, his home on Sierra Leone’s Nyangai Island seemed like a paradise (天堂).
He spent endless hours playing with his friends on the island’s shining white beaches. He liked to kick around a soccer ball on the sports field in his village, and in mango season, he would shake the trees to collect their colorful fruit. Whenever he wanted to avoid doing his homework, he could simply disappear into the thick forest that covered much of the island.
Today, Nyangai is disappearing, swallowed up by the sea. As recently as ten years ago, it still measured some 2, 300 feet from end to end. What’s left today is a patch of (一片) sand which is 300 feet long and 250 wide. The forests are gone, flooded by saltwater. The soccer field lies under water for 22 hours of the day. And the land on which Charlie’s family home once stood, the home he was born in, has been disappearing under the waves. In as little as two years, Charlie fears, Nyangai may no longer exist at all.
With nearly a third of its population living in coastal areas, and its heavy reliance on agriculture and fishing, Sierra Leone has been treated as one of the world’s most vulnerable countries to the effects of climate (气候) change.
Gabriel Jaka, head of operations for the country’s Meteorological Agency, says the reason for Nyangai’s troubles is clear. “We’re seeing a significant sea-level rise and these people don’t have any proper defenses,” he says. “All they have are sandbags. If we don’t act now, the effects on people are just going to get worse.”
1. What do the figures in paragraph 3 show?A.Nyangai is large in area. |
B.Nyangai has a long history. |
C.Nyangai is being destroyed by humans. |
D.Nyangai is suffering a lot from a sea-level rise. |
A.Far-reaching. | B.Protected. |
C.Easy to be attacked. | D.Difficult to keep in touch with. |
A.Worried. | B.Calm. |
C.Unconcerned. | D.Hopeful. |
A.To introduce a poor fisherman. |
B.To call for actions to fight climate change. |
C.To present a fisherman’s old hometown. |
D.To show the destruction of the forest. |
【推荐3】A huge block of ice has collapsed from the Marmelada mountain in Daly, leaving at least 5 dead and 10 wounded. All the mountain rescue stations in the area have been activated and the injured have been hospitalized in several hospitals, the national Rai TV reported, citing the Alpine Rescue.
“This summer risks being the perfect storm for glaciers(冰川),” said Ginvanni Baccolo. He is an environmental scientist and glacier expert at Milan-Bicocca University. Baccolo noted a lack of winter snow and a hot start to the summer affecting glaciers. “Nobody could have expected a glacier like the Marmolada to react like this,” he told Reuters. Temperatures on the normally freezing Marmolada reached 10 degrees Celsius on Saturday, Veneto area governor Luca Zaia said.
In fact, Italy has experienced early and severe summer heat. Glaciers in Europe’s Alpine Mountains, including the Dolomite Mountains, are becoming more unstable and dangerous because of rising temperatures linked to climate change.
“High altitude glaciers such as the Marmolada are often steep(陡峭的) and relying on cold temperatures below zero degrees Celsius to keep them stable.”said Poul Christoffersen. He is a professor at the University of Cambridge who studies glaciers. Christoffersen said that climate change melts more water, which releases heat that warms up the ice if the water re -freezes. He added that a worse effect would be the lifting of the glacier forn the rock below, causing a sudden unstable collapse.
Baccolo made suggestions to the climbers heading into the mountains to escape the summer heat. “The invitation I want to make to those who go to the high mountains this summer is to use much more carefulness,” he said. “The problem is that it may no longer be enough to read the signs from the glacier that have been read so far,” he added.
1. What does the author want to show by mentioning the glacier accident?A.Mountain glaciers melt easily. | B.Accidents can happen anywhere. |
C.High temperature affects glaciers. | D.It is dangerous to hike near glaciers. |
A.Ice becomes water. | B.Frozen ice gets highter. |
C.Ice in high location shrinks. | D.Glaciers separate from rocks. |
A.More signs should be put up. | B.Climbers can never be too careful. |
C.Summer is not suitable for climbing. | D.Climbers shouldn’t try steep mountains. |
A.Italy Experiences Severe Summer |
B.Global Warming Brings Threat to Tourism |
C.Glacier Collapse Adds to Difficulty in Rescue |
D.Rising Temperature Awakens Alpine Glaciers |