These were the goals set out by the Shanghai Water Authority. With the city’s population expected to increase only slightly and the economy to boom by 2020, Chen Yin, and official with the water authority, said Shanghai’s water consumption will not increase from its present amount.
Zhang Yue, director of the Urban Construction Division under the Ministry of Construction, said, “Shanghai is the first city in the country to publicize these ambitions. They will not be easy to achieve.”
He said water saving will help keep the sustainable development of China’s economy.
Saving one cubic meter of water means saving the city’s infrastructure(基础设施)costs by 10,000 Yuan. Last year, Shanghai saved 300 million cubic meters of water either from readjustment of industrial structure or the employment of new technology.
“The aim is to arouse public awareness of the seriousness of water shortages,” Chen said. “The abundant surface water and amount of rain of the city are so misleading that they result in improper use of water.”
Shanghai lacks drinkable water. The Huangpu River, which supplies 80 percent of the city’s drinkable water, is nearing exhaustion.
The city, therefore, has been exploring new sources from the Yangtze River and growing forests along it to conserve quality water.
Besides penning regulations, the authority is popularizing technology among the public to efficiently cut the amount of water used.
At present, the city has 600,000 family toilets, each using 13 liters of water per flush. These are to be renovated(整修)to use only 9 liters of water per flush.
The authority is renovating the first 200 toilets for households – at a cost of 40 Yuan each.
In three years, all the toilets will be renovated, which saves the city nearly 15 million Yuan every year in water conservation.
Another task the city is engaged in is the treatment of sewage(污水)to improve the water environment.
At present the city can only treat 44 percent of its daily 5.04 million tons of waste water. To meet the total demand, 27 more sewage treatment factories are to be established with an estimated investment of 18 billion Yuan.
1. People in Shanghai get their daily water mainly from now.
A.the underground | B.the rain |
C.the Yangtze River | D.the Huangpu River |
A.the renovating of family toilets will save plenty of water |
B.about half of waste water has been treated already |
C.advanced technology makes people use water as much as possible |
D.there is plenty surface water and large amount of rain at present |
A.make people’s living more convenient |
B.improve people’s living standards |
C.ease employment pressure |
D.meet the total demand of water |
a.improve drinking water quality b.change some industrial structure
c.introduce or use some new technology
d.speed the economic development of Shanghai
e.renovate some family toilets f.build more sewage treatment factories
A.a, b, c, d | B.b, c, e, f | C.b, c, d, e | D.a, b, e, f |
A.the boom of economy will need a larger amount of water in the future |
B.citizens today in Shanghai drink the best quality of water in the world |
C.not everyone today in Shanghai is aware of water shortage |
D.all the family toilets will be renovated to save water within 3 years |
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【推荐1】With the electronics industry developing, electronic products have become ubiquitous (无处不在的)in today’s life. Meanwhile, there are more and more abandoned electronic products, commonly called e-waste. It’s estimated that the number will grow to more than 60 million tons by 2021.
What contributes to the sharp rise in e-waste? Technology is developing rapidly, covering almost every aspect of our lives. Meanwhile, the lifespan of devices is getting shorter—many products will be thrown away once their batteries die. Companies intentionally plan the obsolescence (淘汰)of their goods by updating the design or software and discontinuing support for older models, so that it is usually cheaper and easier to buy a new product than to repair an old one.
What can we do about the growing e-waste problem? Recycling is very important and essential. As more people buy electronic equipment, producers are facing shortages of the raw materials, needed to make their products, so recycling and reusing e-waste makes economic and environmental sense.
Recycling e-waste is practiced both formally and informally. Formal e-waste recycling usually involves taking apart the electronics, sorting the materials and cleaning them. Companies must obey health and safety rules to reduce the health and environmental harm of handling e-waste by using: pollution-control technologies. All this makes formal recycling expensive. Informal recycling is typically, unlicensed and uncontrolled. At informal recycling workshops, people recover valuable materials burning devices to melt away non-valuable materials. Usually they do not wear protective equipment and lack any awareness that they are handling dangerous materials.
With the flood of e-waste growing around the world, recycling alone will not be enough to solve the problem. In order to reduce e-waste, producers need to design electronics that are safer, and more long-lasting, repairable and recyclable. The best thing we can do is to resist buying a new device until we really need it. Try to get our old product repaired if possible and, if it can't be fixed, resell or recycle it responsibly and correctly.
1. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?A.The causes of devices' price dropping. |
B.The results of updating devices. |
C.The methods of recycling e-waste. |
D.The reasons for more and more e-waste. |
A.To improve the poor quality of e-devices. |
B.To lower the costs of technology innovation. |
C.To relieve producers’ lack of materials. |
D.To increase the variety of electronic products. |
A.There are many rules and steps to follow. |
B.They aim to get valuable materials by burning devices. |
C.It is convenient for them to recycle e-waste. |
D.They are unaware of the danger while handling e-waste. |
A.E-waste is easy to deal with by ourselves. |
B.Producers should be mainly responsible for reducing e-waste. |
C.Everyone should shoulder responsibility to help reduce e-waste. |
D.Fixing a device could cause more pollution than buying a new one. |
【推荐2】In just a few decades the United States could eliminate fossil fuels(矿物燃料)and rely 100 percent on clean, renewable energy. That's the vision of, a Stanford engineering professor who has produced a state-by-state road map of how the country could rid itself of coal oil, natural gas, and nuclear power.
By 2050, Jacobson expects the nation's transportation network - cars, ships, airplanes - to run on batteries or hydrogen produced from electricity. He sees the winds blowing across the Great Plains powering vast stretches of the country's middle while the burning sun helps electrify the Southwest. "There's no state that can't do this," Jacobson says.
Today only 13% of U. S. electricity comes from renewables(再生性能源). Jacobson's goal would be one of the nation's most ambitious undertakings. This transformation would cost roughly $15 trillion, or $47,000 for each American, for building and installing systems that produce and store renewable energy.
What would it take? Seventy-eight million rooftop solar systems, nearly 49,000 commercial solar plants, 156,000 offshore wind turbines(风力涡轮机), plus wave-energy systems. Land-based wind farms would need 328,000 turbines, each with blades longer than a football field,. These farms would occupy as much land as North Carolina.
For now, he says, prospects are encouraging. Thanks in part to government funding and large-scale production, costs are falling. The amount of power generated nationwide by wind and solar increased 15-fold each between 2003 and 2013. This summer Barack Obama moved to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants, and Hawaii committed to having all its electricity provided by renewables by 2045.
Still, many experts aren't convinced. “It has zero chance,”Stephen Brick, an energy fellow with the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, says of Jacobson's plan. Political, regulatory, and social barriers are huge, especially in a nation where the energy systems - and much of its political influence - is rooted in the oil, gas, and coal industries. Some critics are concerned about whether the resulting grid(输电网)would be reliable. And neighborhood battles would likely occur over wind farms and solar plants. Even outspoken scientist James Hansen, who warned the government a quarter century ago about climate change, insists that nuclear power is essential to rid the country of fossil fuels.
Yet Jacobson’s work at least offers a starting point. Scientists and policymakers may keep arguing about solutions, but as Obama points out, the nation must continue its march toward a clean-energy future even if it's not yet clear how that will look in 35 years. “If we don't do it,” he said this summer, “nobody will.”
1. Which of the following does Professor Mark Jacobson engage in?A.Organizing projects to build and install solar energy systems state by state. |
B.Persuading the U. S. President to realize his renewable energy goal. |
C.Outlining a plan detailing how energy in the U. S. could be carbon free by 2050. |
D.Arguing about opportunities and obstacles of his plan. |
A.The huge investment in solar and wind projects. |
B.The unshakeable foundation of traditional energy systems. |
C.The job losses in oil and coal industries. |
D.The inevitable land-use battles between states. |
A.one state of the U. S. will be first to become carbon free before 2050 |
B.developing clean-energy industry will drive the world's market |
C.fossil fuels will soon be eliminated in the U. S. |
D.there will be no vacant land for wind farms |
A.has no scientific grounds | B.unreasonably excludes nuclear power |
C.will be eventually lacking in funds | D.is not feasible in some aspects |
A.The Coexistence of Fossil Fuels and Renewables |
B.A Blueprint for a Carbon Free America |
C.One Man's Dream: Determination and Innovation in Energy Future |
D.Professor and his Solar and Wind Technology |
【推荐3】The pills we take to treat anxiety may affect the behavior of fish, new research in the journal Science suggests.
Swedish researchers found a common drug in rivers downstream of wastewater treatment plants. It is a drug for treating anxiety, called oxazepam. It is accumulating in fish and makes them bolder. Wastewater treatment plants are not designed to get rid of drugs. As a result, the drugs end up in wildlife, reaching harmful levels.
“It’s something we don’t think about very often, but there are a lot of similarities between fish and humans. So some of our responses to drugs can be seen in fish as well,” said Karen Kidd. She is a biologist at the University of New Brunswick, Canada. The mood-altering drugs get into waterways when people taking the prescriptions throw unused pills into the waste stream.
The researchers let perch(鲈鱼)swim in lab tanks with concentrations similar to those found downstream from wastewater treatment plants. “The perch preferred to swim alone rather than in large groups. They were more likely to explore their environment,” said Micael Jonsson of Umeå University in Sweden, who helped lead the research.
Jonsson said, “This adventurous behavior required more energy. And they ate more plankton(浮游生物), or tiny algae-eating animals, to guarantee enough energy for their activities. This could reduce the population of plankton.” The result could be more algae(水藻). On the other hand, the new behavior could lead to the opposite effect. If perch make themselves closer to their natural enemies, they are likely to be eaten by them.
None of the scientists is suggesting that people should give up these drugs. They just want to reduce the effects of the medicines on the environment. They recommend wastewater treatment plants should be redesigned to get rid of these medicines. But Kidd said that would be too expensive for some communities.
Bryan Brooks, director of the Environmental Health Science Program at Baylor University, said drugs could also be designed to break down more quickly in the environment. And the government could continue to run recycling programs where people drop off their unused drugs at government locations. Brooks said he’s particularly concerned about drug effects on aquatic(水生的)environments, like the Trinity River south of Dallas and the South Platte River near Denver, where the majority of the flow comes from treated wastewater. In the developing world, he said, the problem may be even worse, because of careless wastewater treatment and industrial regulations.
1. Which of the following best describes oxazepam’s effect on fish?A.It causes fish to be more daring. | B.It makes fish much stronger. |
C.It has little influence on fish. | D.It helps treat a fish disease. |
A.They will eat more algae. |
B.There will be less plankton. |
C.They will need more oxazepam. |
D.Their natural enemies will be stronger. |
A.More wastewater treatment plants are needed |
B.Fish in wastewater become more adventurous |
C.Drugs for treating mental diseases end up in wildlife |
D.Anxiety drugs found in rivers change the behavior of fish |
【推荐1】Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization (文明). Back then, and today, providing food was the basic task for a person.
The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment. There also exist so-called eco-friendly sources of energy.
In order to produce practical energy, a transformation of the natural site is often inevitable (不可避免的).
A.There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the environment. |
B.Clean energy has always been on the priority list for a better environment. |
C.For these reasons, bringing about economic growth without any resulting environmental damage is impossible. |
D.However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly. |
E.So humankind began to make exploration to satisfy themselves economically and mentally. |
F.They are sometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time. |
G.This is expensive and, has harmful effects on the environment. |
【推荐2】B vitamins(维生素)may offer some protection against the effect of air pollution,a new study suggests.
The scientists say the effect is real but stress the limitations of their work.Follow-up studies are urgently needed, they say,in heavily polluted cities like Mexico.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),over 90% of the world's population live in heavily-polluted areas.The one of the pollutants that is considered the most dangerous is very fine particulate matter, referred to as PM2.5.At around 1/30 the width of a human hair,PM2.5 can go deep into the human lung and contribute to lung and heart health problems in the young and old.
Scientists have long suspected that PM2.5 causes what are termed epigenetic(表观遗传)changes in our cells that can damage our health.Now in this new human trial,an international team of scientists wanted to see if exposure to concentrations of PM2.5 could be mitigated by daily B vitamins.
Ten volunteers were tested initially exposed to clean air and their basic responses were measured.The same volunteers were later tested with large doses(剂量)of B vitamins while exposed to air containing high levels of PM2.5.The researchers found that a four-week B vitamin intake limited the PM2.5 effect by between 28-76% at ten gene locations.They found a similar reduction in effect on the mitochondrial DNA,the parts of cells that produce energy.
However,the researchers caution that their study,while observing a real effect,has limitations.As well as the small number of participants,there was little information on the size of the B vitamin dose that caused the response.
1. What is the main idea of the text?A.B vitamins may fight against PM2.5. |
B.PM2.5 can lead to epigenetic changes. |
C.Further studies should be done on PM2.5. |
D.Exposure to PM2.5 is more and more serious. |
A.measured | B.ignored |
C.reduced | D.observed |
A.2. | B.3. |
C.4. | D.5. |
A.He believes it deeply. | B.He criticizes it strongly. |
C.He thinks it needs testing again. | D.He shows no opinion about it. |
【推荐3】The oil and gas industry may be emitting about three-times the amount of climate-warming methane than government estimates show, according to a new study from Stanford University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other organizations in Nature. Methane (甲烷) is the main component of natural gas and among the greenhouse gases heating the planet, which is produced when extracting crude oil.
Specific measurements varied from a low of less than 1%, or about what the Environmental Protection Agency estimates, at a site in Pennsylvania to a high of nearly 10% in New Mexico. Researchers found the higher percentages of methane released generally had something in common. “These are places where production is mostly focusing on oil,” says Evan Sherwin, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who conducted the research as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University. But oil and gas often come out of the ground together, and if there wasn’t a way to transport the less-valuable gas to where it could be sold, leaks were higher.
In Pennsylvania, by contrast, drillers are focused on producing natural gas, and there, very little of the methane was wasted. That complicates an argument many in the industry have made, generally in opposition to tighter government regulations on methane. They say drillers have the incentive to capture gas leaks so they can sell the fossil fuel. But that’s not always possible, if industry hasn’t built the pipelines and other infrastructure to get the gas to consumers. In this study, researchers estimate the industry releases about 6.2 million tons of methane a year, valued at $1.08 billion.
“Emissions of methane from fossil fuel operations remain unacceptably high,” said Tim Gould, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, during a Tuesday call with reporters. The organization’s Global Methane Tracker shows methane from the energy sector was near the record high level in 2023.
Despite that, the IEA concludes that if countries fully implement existing pledges on methane reductions, that would make significant progress toward achieving global climate goals. “2024 could mark a turning point and policies are starting to be put into place. Greater transparency is coming. Awareness is spreading and we have enhanced ability to track large leaks and act quickly to shut them down,” Gould said. Gould said he hopes to have good news to share, about a reduction in methane emissions, next year.
1. What can we infer from paragraph 2?A.Various measures are taken to restrict the release of methane. |
B.The low value of the gas in part leads to the high leak of the methane. |
C.The more focused on the production of the gas, the higher the methane release |
D.The percentage of methane in developing countries is higher than in developed countries |
A.Equipment. | B.Productivity. | C.Drive. | D.Assessment. |
A.Caution: Methane emission gives rise to serious global warming. |
B.Methane emissions: Oil and gas industry’s hidden impact. |
C.Measures taken to cut back on methane emissions. |
D.Methane is to blame for the climate change. |
A.Critical. | B.Dismissive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Optimistic. |