At least since the first manned missions to the moon in the 1960s and early 1970s, the general belief had been that the moon was totally dry. Then, about two years ago, several lunar missions showed that’s not absolutely true. Some lunar soil contains very small amounts of water molecules(分子). But where did the water on the moon come from? Answering that question can help us understand the moon’s history and evolution, and allow future engineers to potentially use this resource when building a sustainable moon base.
Chinese scientists have discovered that minerals in lunar soil might have got water from solar wind, which bombards(轰击)the moon’s surface with hydrogen ions(氢离子), according to a study published in the journal Nature Communication. The study found that lunar minerals may contain water content up to 179 ppm. One ppm of water would produce around 1 gram of water per ton of soil. The latest study confirms the estimates from the previous research, and those lunar minerals could contain even more water. Moreover, the new study identified solar wind as a key mechanism(途径)for the existence of the water on the moon’s surface. Solar wind resulted in at least 170 ppm of water content in lunar samples gathered by the Chang’e-5 mission.
Scientists around the world now propose three sources for the water on the moon:that it was created in the moon’s interior when it was full of volcanic activity, that it comes from solar wind, and that it was brought by comets and meteoroids crashing into the lunar surface.
Lunar samples collected during the Chang’e-5 mission may hold the keys to answering these questions, since they are much younger than the ones collected by US and Soviet moon missions. Because of this, the water content in the Chinese samples has had less time to be influenced by other factors, making these samples ideal for studying the moon’s water.
1. What did people generally believe before the1970s?| A．The earth was going around the moon. |
| B．Some lunar soil contained water. |
| C．Engineers knew the moon’s history. |
| D．There was no water on the moon. |
| A．Solar wind could result in the water on the moon. |
| B．Other planets brought water to the moon. |
| C．The water on the moon was created in volcanoes. |
| D．The water on the moon is being used on the moon base. |
| A．It has been less influenced by other factors. |
| B．It contains more water than those collected by US. |
| C．It is the youngest sample influenced by the solar wind. |
| D．It was taken from the moon’s interior and less polluted. |
| A．China’s lunar samples contained most water from the moon. |
| B．Studies on how water got on the moon are still proceeding. |
| C．The water on the moon reflects the moon’s history and evolution. |
| D．Scientists are debating over the resource of the water on the moon. |
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【推荐1】Although social media allow us to become more connected to other people than at any time in history, a new study suggests that many Americans feel lonelier than ever before, which is weakening the nation's mental and physical health.
The study conducted by the health insurer（保险公司）Cigna, found widespread loneliness, with nearly half of Americans reporting they feel alone. or left out at least some of the time. The nation’s 75 million millennials(ages 23-37)and Generation Z adults(ages 18-22)are lonelier than older generations, Besides, 54% of people surveyed said they feel no one knows them well, and four in 10 reported they "lack companionship"，their "relationships aren't meaningful "and that they" are isolated from others. ”
Douglas Nemecek, MD, Cigna's chief medical officer for Behavioral Health, said the finding of the study suggest that the problem has become common, equaling the risks caused by tobacco and the nation’s ever-expanding waistline（腰围）. "Loneliness has the same influence on health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day, while obesity（肥胖）less than 10 cigarettes a day，" he said in releasing the report.
Nemecek's commentstallied withthose of other leading public health specialist, including former Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy, MD, who said loneliness should be targeted in public health campaigns like those designed to fight against smoking and obesity. "During my years' caring for patients, the worst disease I saw was not heart disease or diabetes; it was loneliness, " Murty said in a recent cover story in theHarward Business Revieres.
The new report, produced in Cigna's partnership with the polling company Ipsos, is based on an online survey of more than 20，000 US adults using the well-regarded UCLA Loneliness Scale to see how widespread loneliness is in America.
1. What does the study conducted by Cigna find?| A．Social media increase levels of Americans loneliness |
| B．People become more connected to each other |
| C．Social media do people more harm than good |
| D．Older Americans feel much lonelier |
| A．Loneliness is not so harmful as smoking. |
| B．Loneliness is more dangerous than obesity. |
| C．Loneliness is taken seriously by the public. |
| D．Loneliness is targeted in public health campaigns. |
| A．Accounted for | B．Dealt with |
| C．Answered for | D．Agreed with |
| A．To discuss common health problems |
| B．To show threats Americans' health |
| C．To present findings of a recent study. |
| D．To warn people about social media use. |
【推荐2】One of the most challenging aspects of traveling alone is trying to make friends on the road. But, despite the conception that solo travel means you have to be alone all the time, it can actually be one of the best times to socialize and meet new people. Read on to learn our tips for it!
Stay in hostels
If you’re worried about feeling lonely while traveling solo, one of the best ways to solve this problem is to stay in hostels. Their friendly and open-minded atmosphere makes it easy to strike up conversations. No matter where you are, you’ll always have at least one thing in common with your fellow hostel-mates: a love of travel!
Take part in group tours and hiking
When you’re traveling alone, it’s all too easy to stick to your own routine. If you’re eager to break out of it, try signing up for a group tour or activity. Try using a service like Busabout, where you can book tours tailored to your interests, location, and time-frame. Alternatively, book an Airbnb Experience to learn a local’s trade or taste regional wines, or join a foodie-friendly activity through Eatwith.
Use an app
With the development of technology in the travel space, solo travel is a good opportunity to use tech to your advantage. And, if you’re someone who has trouble introducing yourself to strangers in person, travel apps can be a great way to facilitate friendships on the road. With apps like Backpack and Tourlina, it’s never been easier to find and make friends with fellow travelers online. All you have to do is pack your bags and swipe right!
1. What do you have in common with your hostel-mates while travelling alone?| A．Passions for travel. | B．Use of tech. |
| C．Experience of local trade. | D．Taste of regional wines. |
| A．Tourlina. | B．Eatwith. |
| C．Airbnb Experience. | D．Busabout. |
| A．To inspire people to travel alone. |
| B．To emphasize the benefits of solo travel. |
| C．To show the challenges of traveling alone. |
| D．To give advice on facilitating friendships in solo travel. |
【推荐3】April 25 is World Penguin Day, which is reported to have been started by researchers in Antarctica to celebrate the time of year that Adélie penguins begin moving north for the winter.
Though it was started for Adélie penguins, it has been used for all of the world’s 17 different species of penguins. Meanwhile, penguins are also celebrated on January 20,which is known as Penguin Awareness Day. Most penguins spend about half their time on land and the rest in the sea. They depend on fish and other kinds of small sea life for food. However, climate change has had serious effects on penguins. Around two-thirds of penguin species are dropping in numbers and struggling to adjust. Warming seas, changing ice patterns, loss of food, and pollution are just a few of the problems faced by penguins.
But there’s also happier penguin news. Scotland’s Edinburgh Zoo announced the hatching of four penguin babies. Visitors to the zoo’s webcams(网络摄像机) were able to watch live as the baby birds came out, who are especially good news because they are northern rockhopper penguins-a species in danger of dying out. People who want to see the baby birds grow can watch them over the zoo’s webcamn. Dawn Nicoll, who’s in charge of penguins at the zoo, says there are 14 eggs in all, so it’s possible that more penguin babies will hatch soon. With the zoo struggling to live on, it hopes the webcams will also encourage people to contribute to it.
Another piece of good news about penguins is that two male gentoo penguins, called Sphen and Magic, paired up and began to make a nest. The workers gave the pair an extra egg from another penguin couple(Gentoo penguins may lay more than one egg, but they only raise one baby.)Sphen and Magic turned out to be great parents. They raised a baby girl, who’s known as “Sphengic”.
1. Why was World Penguin Day set up initially?| A．To take the place of Penguin Awareness Day. | B．To mark the day penguins move northward. |
| C．To appeal to people to protect wild penguins. | D．To call for more attention to penguin babies. |
| A．Its finances are not in good shape. | B．It attracts more and more visitors. |
| C．Its environment is unfit for penguins. | D．It advocates hatching more eggs once. |
| A．Entertainment programs for zoos. | B．Introduction to the rare penguins. |
| C．Studies on penguins’ living habits. | D．Efforts to increase penguin numbers. |
| A．A poster. | B．A novel. | C．A guidebook. | D．A magazine. |
【推荐1】In the 1950s and 60s, scientists around the world launched many creatures into space. The idea was to calculate the effects of spaceflight on living creatures in the hopes that humans could follow.
The Soviet Union sent a stray Moscow dog named Laika into space, and subsequently, it was honored as a national hero. Ham the chimpanzee was famously buried at the International Space Hall of Fame in New Mexico following his contributions to the U. S. space program. And then there was France, which sent the first and so far only cat into space. So, who was this hero cat, anyway?
Félicette was one of 14 cats cited to the French space program. Each cat had electrodes implanted into their brain, and all were subjected to many of the same activities included in human astronaut training. French scientists decided to use cats as they already had a lot of neurological data on them. At the conclusion of training, the petite tuxedo Félicette got the green light.
On Oct. 18, 1963, Félicette, was strapped into a Véronique rocket and blasted from Algeria to nearly 100 miles above Earth. She experienced about five minutes of weightlessness followed by the terror of a turbulent, spinning descent via parachute.
Just 15 minutes later, the flight was complete. A helicopter crew dashed to the landing site, threw open the cabin, and found Félicette alive and well.
Two months later, scientists rewarded her heroism with euthanasia (安乐死) — they wanted to examine her body. Then, Félicette was all but forgotten.
So forgotten that in the 90s, when three former French colonies celebrated her story by issuing stamps with the cat’s likeness, they mistakenly turned her into a boy by using the wrong name — Felix.
But thanks to Londoner Matt Guy who came across the tale of Félicette that she wasn’t already properly recognized for her accomplishments, the story’s finally been set straight. His online pleas netted around $57,000 enough to fund a 5-foot tall bronze statue. On Dec. 18, 2019, the statue was finally unveiled at the International Space University in Strasbourg, France.
1. Why did scientists choose Félicette for their space program?| A．Because cats were more readily available than other animals. |
| B．Because cats had well-developed neurological system. |
| C．Because they liked her more than Laika and Ham. |
| D．Because they got rich research data about cats. |
| A．She became a national hero in France. |
| B．She was euthanized for scientific examination. |
| C．She was adopted by one of the scientists involved in the program. |
| D．She was remembered until a Londoner rediscovered her story. |
| A．He helped issue stamps with the cat’s likeness. | B．He built a status for Félicette by himself. |
| C．He raised money online in Félicette’s honor. | D．He discovered Félicette initiatively. |
| A．Félicette the first cat in Space finally got her due. | B．Félicette was forgotten in the history. |
| C．The first and only cat Félicette was sent into space. | D．Félicette was rescued bravely by humans. |
【推荐2】Around the country and around the world, there is no shortage of human suffering. Poverty, disease, violence, hurricanes, wildfire and more are constantly troubling humanity, and even our best efforts thus far can’t address all of everybody’s needs. Many are looking for places to cut funding, and one of the first places that comes up in conversation is excessive spending on space exploration. What good is it to conduct microgravity experiments repeatedly when children are starving? Why launch so many space-related projects when nuclear war threatens our planet?
This is a line of thinking that has been coming up throughout history. Yes, it’s short-sighted, in that it fails to recognize that our greatest problems require long-term investment, and that society’s greatest advances come about through hard work, research, development of decades after that is made. Investing in science is investing in the betterment of humanity.
Over these years, much of the results of the space research have been adapted to be applicable to our daily lives. For example, NASA’s advancements in the areas of robotics have given manufacturers an additional basis for the development of more advanced artificial limbs. Additionally, certain nutritional enrichment ingredients that were developed by NASA have been integrated into baby food formula.
Space technology has also helped improve economies. Within the next three years, the space exploration and space tourism industry are expected to be valued at 3 trillion USD. It is true that for every dollar we spend on the space program, the US economy receives about $8 of economic benefit. Space exploration can also serve as amotivation for children to enter the fields of science and engineering.
To many people, the idea of space travel may still seem far from practical. However, I believe that it is important that we keep going forward or we’ll risk delaying further discoveries and technological advancements that will be beneficial for us.
1. According to paragraph 1, what do some people think of space exploration?| A．Useless. | B．Wasteful. |
| C．Beneficial. | D．Harmful. |
| A．The advance. | B．The development. |
| C．The investment. | D．The problem. |
| A．By providing a foundation. |
| B．By adding certain materials. |
| C．By acting as a driving force. |
| D．By helping realize the mass production. |
| A．The payback of space programs is very high. |
| B．Space travel appears to be within people’s reach. |
| C．More and more children are interested in science. |
| D．New technological discoveries have been delayed. |
【推荐3】A study conducted recently suggests millions of dollars can be made by using fleets of bright CubeSats (立方体卫星) to form advertisements high above Earth. This has concerned some scientists, as it would tarnish our already-threatened views of the night sky.
The purpose of the new study was to evaluate the “economic feasibility (可行性) of a space advertising mission that would launch a formation of satellites into orbit to reflect sunlight and display commercials in the sky above cities,” according to Shamil Bikimirov, the first promoter of the study.
Biktimirov and his colleagues envision (设想) 50 or more CubeSats working in concert to create images that are visible from highly populated urban areas. And they estimate that a single mission would cost about $65 million.
But in the view of astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell, the “bright advertising messages themselves will be localized to urban areas,” but the “brightness of these solar sail satellites will still be substantial in other places and times,” which is something the Russian researchers didn’t consider.
The Russian researchers, in full anticipation of negative response, defended their idea, saying the ads would only appear at dawn or dusk (the CubeSats require at least some exposure to sunlight to become bright and visible) and that the space-based ads only make economic sense for “large cities that are already exposed to permanent light pollution”.
The promoters propose that the ads appear above the most profitable city within reach for a full minute before moving on to the next city. And an estimated $2 million could be made each day with this approach, so the whole thing could be paid off in about a month, the scientists argued. A single fleet of CubeSats could operate in this fashion for “several months” depending on the configuration (配置), they wrote.
Space-based ads may be feasible, but they’d spoil our natural, unobstructed views of space. That our cities are already flooded with light pollution and ads on the ground is hardly an excuse to embark on such an attempt. Here’s hoping that sensibility will win and that ads for soft drinks and fast food stay on the ground.
1. How can money be earned according to Paragraph 1?| A．By using bright CubeSats. | B．By displaying ads formed by CubeSats. |
| C．By damaging views of the night sky. | D．By putting up lights high above Earth. |
| A．Why space advertising can be influential. |
| B．How advertising can be carried out in space. |
| C．Which cities will welcome space advertising. |
| D．Whether space advertising has a commercial value. |
| A．It might cause light pollution in some places. |
| B．The advertising messages might be confusing. |
| C．It might be difficult to localize advertising messages. |
| D．The advertising messages might be affected by sunlight. |
| A．Unconcerned. | B．Disapproving. | C．Curious. | D．Supportive. |
